References
- Transport Scotland. (2025). ‘Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2023’
- Transport Scotland. (2025). ‘Scottish Transport Statistics, 2024’.
- Department for Transport. (2024). ‘Road Traffic Estimates 2023: TRA0206’
- Transport Scotland (2024). ‘Transport and Travel in Scotland 2023’.
- Transport Scotland (2024). ‘Transport and Travel in Scotland 2023’.
- Transport Scotland. (2025). ‘Scottish Transport Statistics, 2024’.
- Walker, I; Tapp, A; and Davis, A. (2023). ‘Motonormativity: how social norms hide a major public health hazard’. International Journal of Environment and Health, 11 (1): pp 21 – 33.
- Walker, I. and te Brömmelstroet, M. (2025). ‘Why do cars get a free ride? The social-ecological roots of motonormativity’, Global Environmental Change, 91.
- Kiberd, E. and Stranák, P. (2024). ‘Trapped Behind the Wheel: How England's new builds lock us into car dependency’, New Economics Foundation.
- Argyriou, I. and Barry, J. (2021). ‘The political economy of socio-technical transitions: A relational view of the state and bus system decarbonization in the United Kingdom’. Energy Research & Social Science, 79: 102174.
- Lyons, G; Marchau, V; Paddeu, D; Rye, T; Adolphson, M; Attia, M; Bozovic, T; Bylund, J; Calvert, T; Chatterjee, K; Comi, A; Cragg, S; Fancello, G; Lenferink, S; Mladenovič, L; Piras, F; Svensson, T; and Witzell, J. (2024). ‘Triple Access Planning for Uncertain Futures – A Handbook for Practitioners’.
- Climate Emergency Response Group. (2022). ‘Unlocking Scotland’s response to the climate emergency: 4 immediate actions to fast-track delivery for the Scottish Government’.
- Climate Change Committee. (2023). ‘Progress in reducing emissions in Scotland – 2023 Report to Parliament’.
- Audit Scotland. (2025). ‘Minimal progress on reducing car use’.
- Climate Change Committee. (2025). ‘Scotland’s Carbon Budgets’.
- Climate Change Committee. (2025). ‘The Seventh Carbon Budget’.
- Transport Scotland. (2024). ‘Transport and Travel in Scotland 2023’.
- Transport Scotland. (2025). ‘Disability and Transport 2023’
- Douglas, M; Higgins, M; Austin, H; Armour, G; Jepson, R; Thomson, H; and Hurley, F. (2018). ‘Health and Transport: A Guide’, Scottish Health and Inequality Impact Assessment Network.
- Cooper, E; Gates, S; Grollman, C; Mayer, M; Davis, B; Bankiewicz, U; Khambhaita, P. (2019). ‘Transport, health and wellbeing: An evidence review for the Department of Transport’, NatCen.
- Road Haulage Association. (2025). ‘Submission from the Road Haulage Association (RHA) to HM Treasury’, Spending Review 2025 – Phase 2.
- Sustrans; Davis, A; Living Streets; and The TAS Partnership. (2017). ‘Active travel and economic performance: A ‘What Works’ review of evidence from cycling and walking schemes’.
- Pishue, B. and Kidd, J. (2025). ‘2024 INRIX Global Traffic Scorecard’, INRIX.
- Sustrans; Davis, A; TAS Partnership; and Living Streets. (2017). ‘Active Travel and Economic Performance: A ‘What Works’ review of evidence from cycling and walking schemes’.
- Waltham Forest Council. (2015). ‘Early engagement perception surveys and results’.
- Haubold, H. (2016). ‘Shopping by Bike: Best friend of your city centre’.
- Carmona, M; Gabrieli, T; Hickman, R; Laopoulou, T; and Livingstone, N. (2018). ‘Street appeal: The value of street improvements’. Progress in Planning, 126: pp1 – 51.
- Von Schneidemesser, D. and Betzien, J. (2021). ‘Local business perception vs. Mobility Behaviour of Shoppers: A survey from Berlin’. Transport Findings.
- Tasker, M; Lawlor, E; Lee, R; and Hay, S. (2018). ‘The pedestrian pound: The business case for better streets and places’, Living Streets.
- Johnson, H; Pearce, M; Schultz, R; and Badloe, A. (2019). ‘Common misconceptions of active travel investment: A review of the evidence. LWCIP Strategic Report’, Sustrans.
- Kariuki-Cobbett, J; Morley, B; and Worthy, F. (2023). ‘The environmental, social, and economic benefits of sustainable travel to local high streets and town centres’, ClimateXChange Publications.
- Yoshimura, Y; Kumakoshi, Y; Fan, Y; Milardo, S; Koizumi, H; Santi, P; Arias, J.M; Zheng, S; and Ratti, C. (2022). ‘Street pedestrianization in urban districts: Economic impacts in Spanish cities’. Cities, 120: 103468.
- Soni, N; and Soni, N. (2016). ‘Benefits of pedestrianization and warrants to pedestrianize an area’, Land Use Policy, 57 (30): pp139 – 150.
- Momentum Transport Consultancy; Volterra. (2022). ‘Funding Healthy Streets Assets: Guidance for Effective Public Private partnerships in Delivering Healthy Streets Projects’.
- Davis, A. (2010). ‘Value for Money: An Economic Assessment of Investment in Walking and Cycling’.
- Trafford Council. (2018). ‘Revitalising Altrincham Town Centre’.
- Argyros, D; Jensen, A.F; Rich, J; and Dalyot, S. (2024). ‘Riding smooth: A cost-benefit assessment of surface quality on Copenhagen’s bicycle network’. Sustainable Cities and Society, 108: 105473.
- Fosgerau, M; Łukawska, M; Paulsen, M; and Rasmussen, T.K. (2023). ‘Bikeability and the induced demand for cycling’. Sustainability Science, 120 (16).
- CleanCities. (2021). ‘Why fewer (polluting) cars in cities are good news for local shops: A review of evidence on impact of low emissions zones and other ‘urban vehicle access regulations’ on retail in European cities’.
- City of Madrid. (2019). ‘Efectos gastó Navidad 2018/19, Gran Vía y Madrid Central’.
- Transport (Scotland) Act 2001, Section 49.
- Transport (Scotland) Act 2019, Section 81.
- Tan, Z; Berry, A; Charalambides, M; Mijic, A; Pearse, W; Porter, A; Ryan, M; Shorten, R; Stettler, M; Tetley, T; Wright, S; and Masen, M. (2023). ‘Tyre wear particles are toxic for us and the environment’, Imperial College London.
- Emissions Analytics. (2020). ‘Pollution from tyre wear 1000 times worse than exhaust emissions’.
- UK Health Security Agency. (2022). ‘Reducing health harms associated with air pollution’, Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report 28.
- Transport Scotland. (2024). ‘Key reported road casualties Scotland 2023’.
- Scottish Government. (2024). ‘Physical activity for health: framework’.
- Public Health Scotland. (2022). ‘Road space reallocation in Scotland’.
- Darnton, A; and Horne, J. (2013) ‘Influencing behaviours - Moving beyond the individual: A Guide to the ISM Tool’, Scottish Government.
- Michie, S; van Stralen, M; and West, R. (2011). ‘The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions’. Implementation Science, 6(42).
- Pringle, R; Harbor, L; and Evans, L. (2024). ‘Applying interlinked practices to enhance the effectiveness of net zero policymaking in Scotland’, ClimateXChange Publications.
- Black, I. and Eiseman, D. (2019). ‘Climate Change Behaviours – Segmentation Study’, ClimateXChange Publications.
- Mulholland, C; Miller, C; Gray, E; and Whitmarsh, L. (2023). ‘Net zero behaviours in the recovery from COVID-19’, ClimateXChange Publications.
- Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2007). ‘Public Health: ethical issues’.
- Prosser, A; Thorman, D; Mitev, K; Whitmarsh, L; and Sawas, A. (2022). ‘Developing an evidence based toolkit for car use reduction’. Climate Outreach.
- Gray, D; Farrington, J; Shaw, J; Martin, S; and Roberts, D. (2001). ‘Car dependence in rural Scotland: transport policy, devolution and the impact of the fuel duty escalator’, Journal of Rural Studies, 17 (1): pp 113-135.
- Singer Hobbs, M; and Frost, S. (2024). ‘Wheels of Change: Promoting fair and green transport in rural Scotland’. IPPR.
- The Royal Society. ‘The basics of climate change’.
- Ritchie, H; Rosado, P; and Roser, R. (2024). ‘Greenhouse gas emissions’. University of Oxford.
- Llena-Nozal, A., N. Martin and Murtin, F. (2019). ‘The economy of well-being: Creating opportunities for people’s well-being and economic growth’, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2019/02, OECD Publishing: Paris.