Ecology and Nature Conservation

Introduction

This Chapter focuses on habitats and species present in the study area and as such mentions the watercourses present. Further information on the water environment is given in Chapter 8: Road Drainage and the Water Environment.

Ecology and Nature Conservation has been assessed in accordance with the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Volume 11, Section 3, Part 4; Interim Advice Note 130/10; and Chartered Institute for Ecology and Environmental Management Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment 2016 (CIEEM, 2016). These documents give guidance on the assessment of the impact that road projects may have on the surrounding ecology. This section presents the results of a desk study and ecological surveys that were undertaken to establish the baseline conditions at the site and the nature conservation value of the land surrounding the works. The aims of the studies are to:

• establish the baseline ecology and any nature conservation designations within the vicinity of the proposed scheme footprint;
• assess how the construction and operation of the proposed scheme might impact upon local ecology and nature conservation;
• detail any mitigation measures designed to counter potential negative effects on the ecology and nature conservation interests within the vicinity of the proposed scheme; and
• assess the significance of residual effects.

Criteria for Evaluation of Ecology and Nature Conservation

The ‘value’ of an ecological resource (for example a habitat or a species) requires definition and this is summarised in Table 6.1. Based on IAN 130/10, the value of habitats and species is measured against a range of published selection criteria. The value of habitats and species is given in Appendix D.

Table 6.1 Evaluation of the nature conservation/biodiversity value of ecological receptors

International

High importance and rarity, International scale and limited potential for substitution

Internationally designated sites including Sites of Community Importance (SCI’s), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs), candidate SACs (cSACs), possible SPAs (pSPAs), Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites), World Heritage Sites and Biogenetic Reserves.

A discrete area which meets the published selection criteria for international designation.

Resident or regularly occurring, populations of species which may be considered at an International or European level where:

• The loss of these populations would adversely affect the conservation status or distribution of the species at this geographic scale; or
• The populations form a critical part of a wider population at this scale; or
• The species is at a critical phase of its life cycle at this scale

National

High importance and rarity, National scale with limited potential for substitution

Designated sites including: Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) including Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) and National Nature Reserves.

Areas which meet the published selection criteria for those sites listed above which are not themselves designated.

Areas of ancient woodland listed i.e. where listed on the Ancient Woodland Inventory

Resident or regularly occurring, populations of species which may be considered at a UK or National level where:

• The loss of these populations would adversely affect the conservation status or distribution of the species at this geographic scale; or
• The populations form a critical part of a wider population at this scale; or
• The species is at a critical phase of its life cycle at this scale.

Regional

High or medium importance and rarity, Regional scale and limited potential for substitution

Areas that have been identified by regional plans or strategies as areas for restoration or recreation of priority habitats. Resident or regularly occurring populations of species which may be considered at a Regional level and key/priority species listed within the Highland Biodiversity Action Plan (HBAP) where:

• The loss of these populations would adversely affect the conservation status or distribution of the species at this geographic scale; or
• The populations form a critical part of a wider population at this scale; or
• The species is at a critical phase of its life cycle at this scale.

County

Medium importance and rarity on a County scale.

Designated sites, including Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) designated in the county or unitary authority area context.

Areas which meet published selection criteria for those sites listed above but not themselves designated as such.

Resident or regularly occurring populations of species which may be considered at a County level where:

• The loss of these populations would adversely affect the conservation status or distribution of the species at this geographic scale; or
• The populations form a critical part of a wider population at this scale; or
• The species is at a critical phase of its life cycle at this scale.

Local

Low or medium importance and rarity, Local scale

Designated sites, including LNRs designated in the local context.

Trees that are protected by Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs).

Areas of habitat or populations/communities of species considered to appreciably enrich the habitat resource within the local context (such as veteran trees), including features of value for migration, dispersal or genetic exchange.

Potential impacts on specific receptors is described and assessed in detail in Appendix D. The approach to characterisation of ecological impacts is identified in the pro forma shown in Table 6.2 in line with IAN 130/10. In determining the significance of effect, cognisance has been taken of CIEEM Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial Freshwater and Coastal, Second Edition, 2016 (CIEEM, 2016). The CIEEM guidelines propose an assessment of significance based on the geographical scale of the impact. For example, an impact may be described as having a significant negative effect at a local scale. It is this approach that has been taken in this ES.

Table 6.2 Characterisation of ecological impacts during the construction phase, operational phase, and decommissioning phase

Resource	Proposed activity, biophysical change, related to receptor structure and function	Characterisation of Impact	Mitigation proposals	Summary of Characterisation
Resource ref: Description: Nature conservation value: Policy/Legal context: Integrity/conservation status: Factors/Criteria:	Biophysical change:	SIPO: CO: EC: SZ: RE: DU: TF:	Mitigation: Quantification/Measure: Mechanism for delivery:	Residual impacts: Significant / Not significant Confidence of predictions

Key:

• SI (sign): positive (beneficial (+ve)) or negative (adverse (-ve))
• PO (probability of occurring): Certain, Probable, Unlikely
• CO (complexity): Direct, Indirect, Cumulative
• EC (extent): Area measures and percentage of total (e.g. area of habitat /territory lost)
• SZ (size): Description of level of severity of influence (e.g. complete loss, number of animals affected)
• RE (reversibility): Reversible or not reversible (can the effect be reversed, whether or not this is planned)
• DU (duration): Permanent (P) or Temporary (T) in ecological terms. Where differing timescales are determined in relation to the life cycle of the receptor, these should be defined.
• TF (Timing and Frequency): Important seasonal and/or life-cycle constraints and any relationship with frequency considered.

Policy and Regulatory Framework

• Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial, Freshwater and Coastal, Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, 2016 (CIEEM, 2016).
• Ecological Impact Assessment, Jo Treweek, 1999.
• Biodiversity Impact, Helen Byron, 2000.
• National Planning Policy Guideline (NPPG) 14: Natural Heritage, 1999 The Scottish Government.
• HwLDP (Highland Council, 2012), in particular Policy 58: Protected Species; and Policy 60: Other Important Habitats and Article 10 Features.

Study Area

The size of the study area for ecology and nature conservation varied according to the species or habitat being considered. On the broadest scale, baseline data was obtained for species identified within the same 10 km square with species-specific surveys being undertaken within (but not limited to) 50 m around the development area. This extended to 250 m for otters and up to 1 km for badgers (Figure 6.1). Sites designated for nature conservation of national importance (e.g. SSSIs) were identified within a 5 km radius and within a 10 km radius for sites of international importance (e.g. SACs and SPAs). Where possible connectivity with these areas was identified, the survey area extended further afield.

The preliminary desk study consulted publicly available data sources held on the National Biodiversity Network (NBN) gateway. This was complemented by interrogating the operating company roadkill database which provided details of recorded road mortalities within the area. The SNH Sitelink website provided details of the areas designated for nature conservation.

Otter and badger surveys were carried out by experienced ecologists according to methodology in Volume 10, Section 4 of the DMRB. Otter surveys consisted of looking for signs of otter including the presence of holts (underground resting places), lying-up sites or couches (resting places above ground), natal dens (used for breeding), paths, feeding areas, play areas, spraints and footprints.

The badger survey consisted of looking for setts, paths, dung pits and latrines, scrapes and hairs.

Remote infra-red camera traps were used to better understand usage of the area by mammals.

A freshwater pearl mussel survey was undertaken in the Allt Lagain Bhain and River Moriston in September 2012 in accordance with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) protocol. The site was also surveyed for signs of pine marten (March 2012 and March 2013) and other species of conservation interest.

Surveys included searching for signs of water vole along streams and ditches and included recording:

• actual sightings;
• burrows on stream side edges;
• latrines;
• footprints;
• runs in the vegetation;
• grazed lawns; and
• feeding remains.

Visual surveys were carried out to detect the presence of red squirrel as per Gurnell et al 2001 (Forestry Commission Practice Note - Practical Techniques for Surveying and MonitoringSquirrels). Signs searched for included feeding stations and red squirrels themselves. Suitable trees were searched using binoculars for the presence of dreys or squirrels.

Signs of pine marten were searched for including scat, footprints and potential dens including a search of all windblown trees within 250 m of the bridge.

All potential areas for wildcat were searched including rock crevices, rock piles, under tree roots, under windblown root plates and in dykes or old walls. Signs searched for included footprints, scat and potential kill by wildcats.

Further surveys of bat roosts were undertaken by Highland Ecology and Development Ltd during summer 2012 and winter 2012/2013 and their methodology is provided in their reports (Confidential Appendices C1.2 and 1.3).

Character of the Existing Baseline

Consultation was undertaken with SNH, Ness District Salmon Fishery Board and the Ness and Beauly District Fisheries Trust to help inform the character of the existing baseline. A summary of their responses is shown in Table 4.1 in Chapter 4: Consultation and Scoping.

Designated Sites

The Allt Lagain Bhain watercourse forms part of the River Moriston Special Area of Conservation (SAC) from the point immediately downstream of the bridge to the River Moriston itself and beyond (Figure 6.2). The qualifying interests of the River Moriston SAC are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) and the impact on these species are discussed further within the protected species section. The last SNH site condition assessment available was in 2011 for Atlantic salmon and 2003 for freshwater pearl mussels. Atlantic salmon were assessed as being ‘unfavourable no change’ and freshwater pearl mussels were assessed as being ‘unfavourable no change’. No other international and no national designated nature conservation sites have been identified within the study area.

Habitats

Terrestrial

The predominant habitat within the vicinity of the bridge is semi-natural broadleaf woodland (see Appendix C 1.8 for Phase 1 Habitat Survey). The block immediately to the west of the bridge is listed on the Ancient Woodland Inventory (AWI) as “1a - of semi-natural origin” (see Figure 6.3). This block of AWI woodland extends to 2.45 ha and it is anticipated that approximately 0.3 ha lies within the area of the development. The total area of tree clearance, which includes trees not within the AWI, is estimated to be in the region of 0.55 ha. Indicative locations of woodland are shown in Figure 6.3.

There are approximately 200-300 recently-planted small birch trees on the eastern (Invermoriston) side of the bridge to the south of the road; some of these will require felling. There are also around 10 mature birch that will require felling. The riverbank is wooded with mature trees, although this is out with the proposed scheme area. The surrounding habitat in the wider area is dominated by rough pasture and bracken.

There are approximately 100 semi-mature birch on the north side of the road that may be affected; the remainder of the habitat here comprises rough pasture with some broom. A photograph of the habitat adjacent to the east (Invermoriston) side of the bridge is provided in Figure 6.4.

On the western (Skye) side of the bridge to the north of the road, the woodland predominately comprises birch. Stands next to the road are semi-mature, with more mature trees present further back from the road. The understorey consists predominantly of bracken and a section devoid of trees that is used as a wayleave for the power lines. This wayleave has been cleared recently as part of the works on the nearby Beauly to Denny power line. It is estimated that around 300-450 trees, mostly mature and semi-mature birch, will need to be felled in this area.

On the same side of the bridge but to the south of the road, the habitat is dominated by un-thinned, semi-mature birch (Figure 6.5). It is estimated that some 300 trees will need to be felled at this location.

There are two areas on either side of the bridge where small stands of juniper (Juniperis communis) are growing on the verge; these will be removed as part of the works (Figure 6.6).

Watercourses

The main watercourse in the vicinity of the works is the Allt Lagain Bhain (Figure 6.7). It is a tributary of the River Moriston (Figure 6.8), located approximately 30 m downstream of the bridge. There is also a small, un-named watercourse that flows beneath the road, west of the bridge (Figure 6.9).The watercourses are covered more fully in the “Road Drainage and Water Environment” section. They provide valuable habitat and foraging resources for several species listed in Section 6.5.2.

Species

Otter (Lutra lutra)

The surrounding area contains a diverse range of freshwater habitats suitable for otter and their prey and they are known to be present in the area. The National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Gateway shows a number of otter records in the 10 km grid square NH31.

Otter surveys conducted between 2010 and updated in 2013 and 2016 found numerous signs of otter activity in the vicinity of the bridge and by the River Moriston (Figure 6.10). A full account of the 2010 otter survey is provided in the report in confidential Appendix C1.7.

A clear path, considered to be used by otters, was also found under the fence adjacent to the road. This provided an indication that otters are currently choosing to cross the road, most likely during high flow conditions. A distinct sprainting point was noted on the other side of the road near the River Moriston with another clear path. The marking suggests it indicates the preferred route across fields towards the road.

Otter resting places were found in the vicinity. Details of these are included in the confidential otter survey report to be submitted to SNH.

It is clear that the habitats near the bridge are important for otters. It is considered that the otter population in the area is of County importance.

Bats

During the initial site survey for the extended phase 1 habitat survey in 2011, it was considered that there was low to medium potential for roosting bats in the road bridge and medium to high potential in the historic masonry arch bridge. Most of the trees within the proposed working area are semi-mature birch and unlikely to support bat roosts.

Subsequent surveys in summer 2012 and winter 2012/2013 by ecological consultants (full reports by HED Ltd in Confidential Appendices C1.2 and C1.3) led to the discovery of a summer roost of Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) in the upstream historic, masonry arch bridge. This particular roost was found to be used by 25-30 individuals. The Daubenton’s roost is considered to be of County importance.

A small roost of soprano pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) was found in the road bridge. Although bats were not observed using the road bridge, the presence of an occasional roost was inferred due to the presence of droppings on the ledges and within triangular crevices under the bridge. This suggested that a low number of individuals was present. The soprano pipistrelle roost is considered to be of Local importance.

Both bridges were considered to have potential as winter hibernacula. Further surveys were carried out over the winter of 2012/13. No evidence of winter use was found within the road bridge. However, Daubenton’s and Soprano pipistrelle bats were found to be active near or under the old masonry arch bridge during December 2012. It was, therefore, concluded that the masonry arch bridge is likely to be used as a winter hibernacula for both bat species (see HED Ltd report in confidential Appendix C1.2 and 1.3).

Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)

A survey of the Allt Lagain Bhain was carried out in September 2012 from 100 m upstream of the road bridge to 200 m downstream of the confluence with the River Moriston. No living freshwater pearl mussels (FWPM) were found. The recommended survey extent is usually 500 m downstream of the works (SNH survey protocol), however, it was limited on this occasion due to the height of the water. A further survey was undertaken on 5^th March 2013 which again found no evidence of FWPM presence. Even though the water level was low, the survey extents were again restricted to approximately 200 m downstream of bridge. Beyond this the river becomes a large, slow-flowing and very deep (>2 m) glide that could only be surveyed by diving or by boat. The Allt Lagain Bhain itself was considered to provide poor FWPM habitat due to the lack of finer sediments for burrowing into. Even though no FWPM were found, the River Moriston was considered to provide good habitat. The full FWPM survey report is provided in confidential Appendix C1.4 as is the map showing the extent of the survey.

Freshwater pearl mussels in the immediate vicinity (i.e. Allt Lagain Bhain and the River Moriston 150 m downstream of the confluence have been assessed as being of Local value as no live mussels were found during the survey. The River Moriston population beyond this area, however, is considered to be of International value based on the precautionary principle and the SAC designation.

Pine Marten (Martes martes)

There are several records of pine marten within the 10 km square NH31 (NBN Gateway). A field survey was undertaken during winter 2012/13. During a survey of 5^th March 2013, a pine marten was observed near the trees on the island (Figure 6.11) opposite the confluence of the Allt Lagain Bhain and the main river (confidential Appendix C1.9). Pine martens in the vicinity are considered to be of County importance.

Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and other Fish Species

Atlantic salmon, brown/sea trout (Salmo trutta) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla) are migratory fish species which are all recorded within the NH31 10 km square (NBN Gateway). Numerous juvenile (0+) salmonid fry were observed while undertaking the FWPM survey, both within the Allt Lagain Bhain and River Moriston suggesting spawning within the area. There were areas of good fry habitat identified both upstream and downstream of the bridge including near the entry into the River Moriston on the Allt Lagain Bhain (Figure 6.12). A short 5 m section was also identified with some spawning potential although it was considered that the River Moriston itself provides more suitable spawning habitat. A fish habitat survey was undertaken and the report is provided in Confidential Appendix C1.5, as is a map of the survey extents.

The population of Atlantic salmon in the vicinity is considered to be of Regional importance, whilst the population of sea trout / brown trout is considered to be of County importance.

Badger (Meles meles)

Badgers are recorded within the wider 10 km square (NH31) in which the proposed scheme is located and a survey report is provided in confidential Appendix C1.10. There is good potential habitat within, and surrounding, the proposed scheme footprint and evidence of badger activity was found in the vicinity during surveys in 2013 and 2016.

The population of badgers in the immediate vicinity is considered to be of Local importance.

Birds

During the survey of 5^th March 2013, great tit (Parus major), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) were all incidentally observed or heard calling and establishing territories. During the survey of 21^st January 2016, incidental sightings of treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), blue tit, robin (Erithacus rubecula), buzzard (Buteo buteo) and carrion crow (Corvus corone) were made. No schedule 1 birds or birds of conservation concern were identified. It is, however, considered that the woodland surrounding the proposed scheme will provide useful nesting and foraging habitat. In the breeding season the year prior to the works, at least three breeding bird surveys will be undertaken to provide further information on birds in the area. Birds in the vicinity are considered to be of Local importance.

Wood Ants

Wood ants are well known within the area and the Highland Biological Recording Group Data records no less than five species of Formica within the same 10 km grid square, NH31. No wood ants were found within the actual proposed work footprint, however, several nests were found in the birch woodland approximately 150 m north of the proposed scheme (Figure 6.13 and Figure 6.14). The habitat surrounding the proposed scheme is excellent for wood ants and with the opening up of the wayleave for the nearby pylon line, this may encourage wood ants to expand their range into the works area by the time the works commence. Wood ants in the vicinity are considered to be of Local importance.

Impact Assessment

The impact on ecology and nature conservation is provided in Appendix D and summarised in the following section. Each section deals with impacts at the construction and operation phases and identifies the significance of residual effects. The significance of residual effect on each receptor is described at the end of each sub-section and also presented in Table 6.3. Impacts are adverse, unless stated otherwise. The effectiveness of mitigation measures is noted in this section and measures are described fully in Section 6.7 with an outline of the importance and delivery of mitigation given in Section 6.7.1.

Designated Sites

The characterisation of the impact on designated sites is provided in Table 6.3. The River Moriston SAC is of International Value. Unmitigated, there will be a likely significant effect on the qualifying interests due to the potential for pollution. With robust mitigation in place, no adverse effect on the integrity of the SAC is predicted. This is explored more fully in the Report to Inform an Appropriate Assessment, as required by SNH. The residual effect is predicted to be Not Significant.

Habitats

Terrestrial

According to SNH, ancient and semi-natural woodland is “an important and irreplaceable national resource that should be protected and enhanced”. In Scotland there is no statutory protection for ancient woodland although planning policy recognises that it should be considered in planning decisions. Just over 12% of the ancient woodland block will be permanently lost; this is marginal woodland that is considered to be of County value rather than National value. Replanting will be undertaken, but, once destroyed, ancient woodlands cannot be recreated. Although there will be permanent loss, it is considered that the integrity of the resource will be maintained and, therefore, a Significant residual effect at a County Scale is predicted.

Juniper is a Priority Species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan but the stands consist of single plants and are poorly developed. It is considered to be of Local importance. Translocation, if considered appropriate by SNH and Forestry Commission Scotland, should allow the integrity of the resource to be maintained and the residual effect will be Not Significant. If translocation is not considered to be appropriate by SNH / Forestry Commission Scotland, the residual effect is still considered to be Not Significant.

Watercourses

For impacts on watercourses, refer to Chapter 8: Road Drainage and the Water Environment.

Species

Otter

The Eurasian otter is a European Protected Species (EPS) identified on the Red Data list as “near threatened”, however they are relatively common within the Scottish Highlands. It is considered that the otter population in the area is of County importance. It is anticipated that no resting places will be lost and the risk of otters being killed as a result of the works is considered to be low. It is possible that a couch will need to be temporarily closed during the works. If this is necessary, it will be done by a suitably-qualified ecologist under an EPS licence to protect otters from injury and disturbance. The significance of residual effect is considered to be Not Significant. Note that this assessment refers specifically to the ecological or biodiversity value of otters. Although an EPS, this protection applies to their legal value and it is considered this will be fully mitigated through obtaining a licence and discharge of the conditions therein.

Bats

Two bat roosts will be lost permanently. While this can be partially mitigated through the provision of bat boxes, the loss of the historic masonry arch bridge may lead to the displacement of the Daubenton’s bat colony in the long-term. It will definitely result in disturbance in the short-term. Daubenton’s bats and soprano pipistrelle bats are identified on the Red Data list as being of “least concern”. In biodiversity terms, Daubenton’s bats are less common than pipistrelle but not within the rarest category i.e. they have a UK population of between 10,000-100,000. Since the Daubenton’s roost is likely to be a hibernation roost supporting a medium sized population, and there are no similar structures in the vicinity, they are considered to be of County importance. The EPS status of bats refers to their value in a legislative context, as opposed to their biodiversity value. Legislative compliance can be fully mitigated through obtaining a species licence and does not need further consideration. Although the loss of the roosts can be partially mitigated by provision of bat boxes, there is no guarantee they will be used. The effectiveness of the mitigation will be monitored for five years following construction. The existing roost provides ideal habitat for Daubenton’s bats and is the only structure of its type in the vicinity. In addition to being a summer roost for a moderate sized colony, it is likely to be used for winter hibernation. The residual effect caused by the loss of this roost is considered to be Significant at a County Scale.

The soprano pipistrelle roost is considered to be of Local importance. The residual effect caused by the loss of roost is considered to be Significant at a Local Scale.

Freshwater Pearl Mussels

The freshwater pearl mussel is identified on the Red Data list as being “endangered”. No freshwater pearl mussels were found during the survey. No freshwater pearl mussels were found in Allt Lagain Bhain. Consequently, their value in the immediate vicinity (i.e. Allt Lagain Bhain and the River Moriston to 150 m downstream of the confluence) is assessed as being of Local value. The River Moriston population beyond this area is considered to be of International value based on the precautionary principle and the SAC designation. With robust mitigation in place aimed at protecting freshwater pearl mussels and the wider water environment, the residual effect is predicted to be Not Significant.

Pine Marten

Although pine marten appear on the Red Data list, they are identified as being of “least concern” and in addition receive no European protection. They have been evaluated as being of County importance in the locality. They may undergo some minor, temporary disturbance during the works but this residual effect is considered to be Not Significant.

Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon appear on the Red Data list as “lower risk/least concern” and do not receive any level of European protection. The species is, however, a qualifying feature of the River Moriston SAC. They have been evaluated as being of Regional value in the vicinity of the proposed scheme. There will be temporary disturbance to the species as a result of the work, especially during the channel realignment when passage will be prevented within the Allt Lagain Bhain. Without mitigation there would be potential for a Significant impact at a Regional scale. Careful timing of the in-stream works to avoid the spawning season (15^th October to 31^st May), removal of fish prior to dewatering of the channel and stringent pollution controls is predicted to result in a residual effect that is Not Significant.

Badgers

Eurasian badgers are identified on the Red Data list as being of “least concern” and receive no European level of protection. The value of the resource is, therefore, considered to be Local. There is likely to be some temporary effect in the mid-term through loss of some woodland habitat during construction, but this, and consequently the residual effect, is considered to be Not Significant.

Wood Ants

Various wood ant species appear on the Red Data list as “lower risk / near threatened”. In the context of the local area, Scottish wood ant (Formica aquilonia) and hairy wood ant (Formica lugubris) are not particularly rare although the species are scarce on a UK level. The population is considered to be of Local importance. The residual effect from the proposed scheme is predicted to be Not Significant.

Table 6.3 Summary of residual effects on ecology and nature conservation (Impacts are adverse unless stated otherwise)

Potential Impact	Value/sensitivity of receptor	Duration of impact	Significance of effect
Designated site (River Moriston SAC)	International	Temporary	Not significant
Habitats - terrestrial (trees): ancient woodland	County	Permanent	Significant at a County scale
Habitats - terrestrial (trees): rest of woodland	Local	Permanent	Not significant
Habitats - terrestrial (juniper)	Local	Permanent	Not significant
Otter	County	Temporary	Not significant
Daubenton's bat	County	Permanent	Significant at County scale
Soprano pipistrelle	Local	Permanent	Significant at Local scale
Freshwater pearl mussels: within River Moriston beyond 150 m downstream of confluence	International	Temporary	Not significant
Freshwater pearl mussels: within Allt Lagain Bhain and in River Moriston to 150 m downstream of confluence	Local	Temporary	Not significant
Pine marten	County	Temporary	Not significant
Atlantic salmon	Regional	Temporary	Not significant
Brown / sea trout	County	Temporary	Not significant
Badger	Local	Temporary	Not significant
Birds	Local	Permanent	Not significant
Wood ants	Local	Temporary	Not significant

Design, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

General

The design and construction of the bridge will be carried out in such a way as to reduce the impact upon the ecological interests and nature conservation designations. Residual impacts are listed in Table 6.3 and in Appendix D, Ecological Impacts Tables.

Due to the high environmental sensitivity of this site and the risk associated with the works, the contractor will provide an experienced ecologist / ecological clerk of works (ECoW).

All personnel and sub-contractors on site will be briefed as to the environmentally-sensitive nature of the habitats and species around the works. This will be achieved through inclusion in the mandatory site induction and regular toolbox talks. Note that measures in relation to designated sites are addressed in the following sections with regards the species that are potentially impacted.

Taking consideration of the design requirements and with the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, it is anticipated that the proposed scheme will comply with relevant policies and plans including Scottish Planning Policy, 2014.

Although the proposed scheme will have impacts on protected species with a significant effect at a County scale on Daubenton’s bats and at a Local scale on soprano pipistrelle bats, it is considered that it will comply with Policy 58 (Protected Species) of the HwLDP (Highland Council, 2012). This is because there is no satisfactory alternative, the development is required for overriding public interest and it is anticipated that with appropriate mitigation, the population of Daubenton’s and soprano pipistrelle bats should be maintained. Monitoring of bats will continue following completion of the proposed scheme in order to determine if the latter condition is met. If it is not met, further discussions will be held with SNH to develop a strategy with the aim of meeting the objectives of the mitigation (i.e. to maintain populations of both bat species at the site).

It is considered that the proposed scheme complies with Policy 60 (Other Important Habitats and Article 10 Features) through the proposed mitigation measures, in particular the requirement for compensation planting with native broadleaved tree species.

Habitats

Terrestrial

Impact on root zones will be kept to a minimum by careful use of machinery on site and formation of a root protection zone for trees close to the working area boundary. This will consist of robust silt fencing which will also ensure exclusion of machinery from sensitive woodland habitat around the entire site.

Juniper in some areas of Scotland is affected by a disease caused by a fungus-like organism Phytophthera austrocedri and care needs to be exercised with any planting or translocation of juniper that could inadvertently spread the disease. Consultation will be carried out with SNH to determine whether it is advisable to translocate the two stands of juniper to an area out with the works.

Compensation planting will be carried out following the works with local provenance broadleaf trees.

Watercourses

A range of measures aimed at prevention of pollution of the water environment will be undertaken during the construction phase of the work. These are fully described within Chapter 8: Road Drainage and the Water Environment.

Species

Otters

Further otter surveys will be required prior to the works going ahead to inform the need to secure a licence to disturb otters. This will be obtained from SNH prior to the works commencing. Conditions of the licence will require the development of a range of measures designed to protect otters and minimise their disturbance. Measures will include the following:

• Further surveys will be carried out by an experienced ecologist at least a month before the works commence to determine the level of otter activity in the area at that time. It is likely that a licence to disturb otters will need to be secured from SNH, depending on the results of the survey. It is possible that an otter couch will need to be temporarily closed during the works. If this is necessary, SNH will be informed and this will be done by an appropriately-qualified ecologist under the EPS licence.
• Before any work starts on site, a clearly-signed protection zone will be established to protect otter resting places. The protection zone will extend to distance of 30 m (where possible). This will be fenced off with orange, semi-rigid barrier fencing (or similar) to keep the workforce out but not impede access for otters. Positioning of the fencing will be supervised by a suitably-experienced ecologist.
• All persons on site to be made aware of the mitigation measures in place and their obligations under legislation. This will be communicated by the site supervisor during the induction process. Toolbox talks and otter information sheets will be given to all members of the work force.
• Staff will remain vigilant for presence of otter through the works.
• If otters are encountered, work must stop temporarily in the vicinity and the site supervisor informed who should take further advice from a competent ecologist.
• Any temporary lighting required during the works will be directed away from the watercourse and the protection zone.
• Relevant SEPA Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPGs) will be followed throughout the course of the works to avoid pollution of the watercourses, particularly PPG 5, "Works and maintenance in or near water".
• Materials will be stored at least 10 m away from watercourses in accordance with current best practice guidelines.
• A designated refuelling site will be established on an impermeable surface, at least 10 m distant from watercourses and will be fully bunded.
• Machinery will be checked at the start of each shift for the presence of resting otter and these checks will be recorded by the Contractor.
• Excavations will be covered over or ramped at end of shift to avoid otters (and other animals) falling into them and becoming trapped or injured.  

A permanent ledge will be installed to allow otter passage through the structure during high river flows. Associated fencing will also be installed, to encourage otters to use the structure. Within the constraints of the design, the ledge will be set at a level as high as practicable whilst allowing at least 600 mm of headroom. Owing to the constraints of the design, this level will be approximately 150 mm below the 1 in 200-year flood level. The ledge will be at least 500 mm wide and will have a ramp at each end to allow ease of access for otter. The design will allow otters to access the ledge from the water (via the bank and then up the ramps to the ledge). Within 12 months of completion of construction, monitoring will be carried out to determine whether otters are using the ledge.

Bats

Due to the time elapsed since the initial survey bat surveys will need to be repeated. Surveys will cover hibernation (November to March) and maternity periods (June/July). A survey will also be carried out of trees within the proposed working area to determine their potential for supporting bat roosts. A licence to disturb bats and destroy the two roosts will be secured from SNH prior to the works commencing. Durable bat boxes including hibernation boxes will be incorporated into the new structure and the surrounding habitat as permanent compensation for the loss of the roosts.

Measures that will be undertaken to minimise disturbance to bats are detailed as follows. These will be overseen or undertaken by a licensed bat worker and overseen by the ECoW. Measures include:

• Limiting the time when the works can be undertaken, whereby destruction of the bridges will be undertaken during either early summer (April-May) or late summer (August-September) and before the winter hibernation period unless otherwise agreed with SNH. Since the road bridge was not considered to be suitable as a hibernacula, demolition of this structure could also be undertaken during the winter (subject to other environmental constraints).
• Fitting a one way excluder to the roost entrances to allow the bats to leave the roost but not allow them back into the roost.
• Checking for the presence of bats after the one way excluder has been in situ for at least seven days of good foraging weather, by carrying out a dusk and dawn activity survey.
• Conducting an endoscopic survey of the bridges as an added precaution.
• Waiting until it has been confirmed by a licensed bat worker that the bats are no longer present in the roost before demolition work can commence.
• Providing all site staff with a bat toolbox talk prior to construction.
• Should bats be observed during demolition, work will stop and advice will be obtained from a licensed bat worker before works are allowed to continue.

Following construction, monitoring will be carried out over a period of five years, to determine whether Daubenton’s and soprano pipistrelle bats are using the artificial roosts provided.

Freshwater Pearl Mussels

No freshwater pearl mussels were found in the Allt Lagain Bhain and no live individuals were found in the stretch of the River Moriston that could be surveyed. The River Moriston is also one of the 21 rivers included in the Pearls in Peril EU LIFE Project. The Ness and Beauly Fisheries Trust is currently (2016) encysting the gills of salmonid fish with fresh water mussel spat (glochidia) and monitoring the success of this. It is likely the species will be present in greater numbers in future as a result of this. Mitigation has been designed with this in mind. This includes:

• A full crash deck will be erected during the demolition of the existing bridges to prevent debris entering the watercourses.
• The realignment of the short length of Allt Lagain Bhain will be carried out “in the dry” using a methodology agreed by SEPA and will be undertaken outwith the fish spawning season (15^th October to 31^st May).
• Silt fencing will be installed along the banks of the Allt Lagain Bhain within the works area and regularly checked and maintained for the duration of the works.
• SEPA’s Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPGs) and conditons of the CAR licence when issued will be strictly adhered to as will measures aimed at protecting the water environment which are fully detailed in Chapter 8: Road Drainage and the Water Enviroment.
• A pre-construction freshwater pearl mussel survey will be undertaken.

Pine Marten

A preconstruction survey will be undertaken for pine marten den sites. Should any new dens be found, an exclusion zone of at least 30 m (where possible) will be established to minimise the risk of disturbance. Where necessary, advice will be taken from SNH and further mitigation developed.

Atlantic salmon and other fish

Measures aimed at protecting FWPMs and the water environment will also help protect the fish population. In addition, further measures that will be put in place will include:

• No in channel works during the fish spawning season (15^th October to 31^st May).
• Electro-fishing to be carried out to safely remove fish prior to channel realignment and in channel works.
• The bed of the channel will not have a hydraulic drop either upstream or downstream of the new bridge and no obstacle to in-channel fish migration to be created.

Badger

A preconstruction survey will be undertaken for badgers. If any setts are identified within 30 m of the works then a badger protection plan will be establised in consultation with SNH and a licence to disturb badger obtained prior to work commencing. No works will be undertaken within 30 m of a sett during the badger breeding season (December to June). The fencing erected to protect the woodland surrounding the proposed scheme (see Terrestrial Habitats) will also serve to protect badgers. In addtion, a badger toolbox talk with be provided to all staff in order to raise awareness.

Birds

Site clearance work will be undertaken out with the bird breeding season (March to September) inclusive. Where this is unavoidable, a survey will first be undertaken for breeding birds by a suitably-qualified ecologist. If any signs of bird breeding are encountered on site, then work will stop in the immediate area and an exclusion zone of a minimum of 10 m erected until the young have fledged. The size of the exclusion area may need to be increased depending on the conservation status of the bird. A breeding bird toolbox talk will be provided to all site staff.

Wood Ants

A preconstruction survey will be carried out to establish whether wood ants have moved into the construction area. If this is the case, then where possible an exclusion zone will be erected around nests to prevent damage during the works. Where this is not feasible, the nests will be translocated out with the working area before construction. This method has had some success when pioneered at a road-widening scheme on the A9 near Carrbridge (Fullarton, 2012).

Difficulties Encountered

The surveys were undertaken over a 5-year period and in that time the distribution of species has changed within the survey area e.g. wood ants moving into the area. This highlights the value of regularly updating surveys to ensure that the design of mitigation measures is based on the most up-to-date information. Provided this approach is continued until construction is undertaken, and where necessary, measures are tailored to reflect the distribution of species, this is not considered to be a significant difficulty.

Timing of the surveys presented another limitation, with dense bracken growth in summer and autumn preventing access to certain areas of the site. Full access to the survey areas was enabled by resurveying in winter.

The main difficulty encountered was in surveying the River Moriston for freshwater pearl mussels. Several attempts were made to complete the survey, which was hampered by a particularly deep (2 m+) section below the mid-point of the survey area. Even during low summer flows, the full survey site was not accessible and it was agreed with SNH that the level of survey undertaken already was appropriate.

Summary

With appropriate mitigation measures in place, the majority of the impacts on ecology and nature conservation are predicted to be Not Significant. Due to the permanent loss of a small area of ancient woodland, the predicted impact on this terrestrial habitat receptor is considered to be Significant at a County scale. In addition, due to the permanent loss of the Daubenton’s bat roost, the predicted impact on bats is considered to be Significant at a County Scale.

The loss of ancient woodland is a permanent impact and cannot be mitigated for, although in time, the woodland will regenerate. Similarly, while the loss of the small pipistrelle roost in the existing bridge can be compensated for using bat boxes, the permanent loss of the Daubenton’s roost and possible winter roost (Daubenton’s bat and soprano pipistrelle) in the old bridge is difficult to fully compensate. It can only be partially compensated for and it is unlikely that bat boxes will be fully effective. The position of the roost over water is ideal for Daubenton’s bats, providing a clear flight line along the Allt Lagain Bhain to feeding areas on the River Moriston and within the surrounding woodland. It offers enough shelter to provide stable temperatures allowing for winter roosting. Without rebuilding the masonry arch bridge further upstream (an option which is considered to be cost-prohibitive), it is difficult to fully compensate for the loss of this roost. However, provision of artificial roosting opportunities, probably in the form of bat boxes will be made in liaison with a licensed bat worker and SNH.

It must therefore be concluded that the impacts on both bats and ancient woodland are considered to be Significant at the scales discussed earlier.