9 Ecology and Nature Conservation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Approach and Methods 9.3 Baseline Conditions 9.4 Potential Impacts 9.5 Potential Mitigation 9.6 Summary of Route Corridor Options Assessment 9.7 Scope of Stage 3 Assessment 9.8 References

9 Ecology and Nature Conservation

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 This chapter presents the assessment of the Stage 2 route corridor options for the Forth Replacement Crossing in terms of ecology and nature conservation issues within the study area. Potential impacts associated with the different proposed route corridor options on habitats, flora and fauna are compared and discussed.

Aims

9.1.2 The purposes of the Stage 2 assessment are to:

• identify the presence and status of habitats, flora and fauna of conservation significance within the study area;
• carry out a preliminary evaluation of key habitats and the associated flora and fauna within the study area;
• identify anticipated potential impacts on habitats, flora and fauna of conservation significance associated with the different route corridor options;
• present potential mitigation strategies for the identified impacts; and
• provide a summary of the route corridor option assessment, identifying residual impacts taking into account likely mitigation.

Overview of Legislation

9.1.3 Features of ecological value are protected to varying degrees by a range of designations implemented through statute, international convention and local authority planning controls. Non-designated sites can also be important to nature conservation, for example, providing links between other habitats and allowing the wider countryside to support a wide range of species in addition to those present in specifically designated areas.

Legal Protection of Habitats and Species

9.1.4 The EU Birds and Habitats Directives allow for the protection of ‘Natura 2000 Sites’, which have been identified as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) designated under the Habitats Directive (EEC, 1992), and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated under the Birds Directive (EEC, 1979). The protection of such sites is achieved through a combination of the provisions within the Conservation (Natural Habitats, & c) Regulations 1994 (the Habitats Regulations) and Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA; 1981, as amended), as amended by the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. Where European Sites occur above mean low water they will have already been notified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

9.1.5 Ramsar Sites, an additional international designation, are identified under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (especially as waterfowl habitat). As a matter of policy, the UK Government has chosen to apply the procedures for the protection of European Sites to Ramsar Sites.

9.1.6 The WCA and the Habitats Regulations are the principle mechanisms for the legislative protection of wildlife in Great Britain. Section 28 of the WCA 1981 as amended by the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 allows for the notification, protection and management of SSSIs. The WCA and the Habitats Regulations also allows for the protection of breeding birds, other animals and plants. This legislation requires that the presence of protected species be regarded as a material consideration by a planning authority. This, therefore, requires that the presence, or otherwise of such species, and the extent to which they would be affected by any development is established before planning permission could be granted.

Biodiversity Action Plan

9.1.7 The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was published in January 1994 in response to Article 6 of the Biodiversity Convention, to develop national strategies for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of biological resources. The Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 placed new duties on all public bodies in respect of the conservation of biodiversity.

Other Guidance

9.1.8 National Planning Policy Guidance 14: Natural Heritage, in Scotland provides guidance on the protection of biodiversity and geological conservation through the planning system.

9.1.9 Local Planning Authorities or Wildlife Trusts will often identify locally important sites of nature conservation value as Sites of Biological Importance (SBIs), Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs) or Sites of Wildlife Importance (SWIs) for planning purposes. These are often identified in the local development plan and are usually afforded a degree of protection through the planning process.

9.2 Approach and Methods

Overview of Approach

9.2.1 The assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the DMRB (The Highways Agency et al., 1993), STAG and best practice guidance for ecological assessment including the Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom (IEEM, 2006).

9.2.2 The study area is shown on Figure 5.1. Although route corridor options to be considered at DMRB Stage 2 had not been confirmed at the commencement of baseline ecological surveys, a wide study area was established to ensure that adequate survey coverage would be available to inform the assessment of the emerging route corridor options.

Baseline Conditions

Consultation and Literature Review

9.2.3 A full list of consultees contacted as part of the Stage 2 consultation process can be found in Chapter 5 (Overview of Environmental Assessment). Table 9.1 lists individuals and organisations consulted during the course of the desk study in order to collate any existing information on the distribution and status of species and habitats within the study area.

Table 9.1: Ecology and Nature Conservation Consultees

Consultees

Bat Conservation Trust British Herpetological Society Botanical Society of British Isles British Trust for Ornithology Buglife Scotland Centre of Ecology and Hydrology City of Edinburgh Council Echoes Ecology Edinburgh Biodiversity Partnership Edinburgh and Lothian Badger Group Fife Bat Group Fife Bird Club Fife Coast and Countryside Trust Forestry Commission Forth District Salmon Fisheries Board Forth Estuary Forum Forth Seabird Group Institute of Freshwater Biology Local Community Councils Lothian Amphibian and Reptile Group

Lothian Bat Group Lothian Wildlife Information Centre National Biodiversity Network North Lanarkshire Council Perth and Kinross Council Raptor Study Group, Lothian and Borders Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scottish Badgers Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency Scottish Fisherman’s Federation Scottish Government Rural Directorate Scottish Natural Heritage Scottish Ornithological Club Take Pride in Fife Environmental Information Centre University of Edinburgh University of Glasgow University of Stirling West Lothian Council Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust

9.2.4 A review of relevant literature was undertaken to obtain information on species and habitat abundance, distribution and susceptibility to impacts. These documents include:

• ERM (1996). Setting Forth: Environmental Statement. Draft Report.
• Transport Scotland (2007a) Strategic Transport Projects Review, Report 4, Appendix D –Environment. Jacobs UK Ltd.

9.2.5 Aerial photographs (taken in April 2007 and provided by Transport Scotland) and Ordnance Survey maps were also studied to identify potential habitat areas of nature conservation importance within the study area.

Field Survey Methods

9.2.6 A walkover survey of the full study area was conducted between 25 – 26 February 2008. The objective of the survey was to confirm or otherwise the information collected during consultation and provide a preliminary review of the ecological characteristics of the survey area.

9.2.7 A Phase 1 Habitat Survey has been previously undertaken for the majority of the study area as part of work undertaken for the STAG Report (Transport Scotland, 2007a). To ensure a complete dataset, the results of the previous Phase 1 Habitat Survey were reviewed and any locations within the study area not covered by this were then subject to Phase 1 Habitat Survey between 24 – 28 March 2008 to inform the Stage 2 assessment – no target notes were required for these relatively small areas. Further detailed Phase 1 Habitat Survey to confirm earlier results was undertaken in June 2008 and this will inform Stage 3.

9.2.8 Habitats were identified and mapped in accordance with Phase 1 Habitat Survey methodology (JNCC, 1993). Plant species lists were compiled for each habitat area and an initial evaluation of the nature conservation value of each habitat was made. Habitats were also assessed for the presence of and/or their potential to support protected species, BAP Priority Species and other species of conservation concern.

9.2.9 For each habitat type within the study area, dominant and readily identified species were noted to provide a basic habitat description and to indicate the likely nature conservation value of each habitat type.

9.2.10 Protected species surveys are not required at Stage 2, although DMRB requires that desk-based assessment should include the presence of protected species where this info is available, that this should be verified through the preliminary walkover survey, and that this may need to confirm the suspected presence or absence of protected/endangered species. Habitat information and results of the walkover survey were therefore used in the assessment of protected species, and in addition, where information from consultation or preliminary results of Stage 3 surveys were available these were taken into account as appropriate (i.e. where already underway due to seasonal constraints; refer to Chapter 5, paragraph 5.2.9).

Impact Assessment

9.2.11 Impact significance was determined with respect to the sensitivity/importance of the baseline conditions and the magnitude of potential impact, following DMRB guidance. This is described in detail below.

Sensitivity

9.2.12 The sensitivity of ecological receptors has been defined with reference to the potential ‘value’ of individual features or locations to populations of protected species. The evaluation of ecological features has been undertaken within a geographical frame of reference (rather than as ‘High’, ‘Medium’, ‘Low’) and has been evaluated at one of the following levels:

• international (European);
• national;
• regional or authority area;
• local; and
• less than local (i.e. any geographic scale smaller than local authority district).

9.2.13 The value of each site or feature of nature conservation interest has been determined by reference to any designations and by the results of consultations, literature review and field surveys. The criteria used is based on the Ratcliffe Criteria (Ratcliffe, 1977), which are used in the selection of biological SSSIs.

Impact Magnitude

9.2.14 The magnitude of each impact has been assessed independently of the affected site or feature’s value or statutory status. Magnitude is essentially a scale of the change caused, which was assessed as detailed in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2: Definition of Impact Magnitude Categories

Magnitude	Criteria
High Negative	The change is likely to permanently affect the integrity of an ecological receptor in terms of the coherence of its ecological structure and function across its whole area, thus altering its ability to sustain the habitat/s and/or the population levels of species of interest at a regional or higher level.
Medium Negative	The change is not likely to permanently affect the ecological receptor’s integrity but the effect on the receptor is likely to be substantial in terms of its ecological structure and function and may change its evaluation. Likely to result in changes in the local distribution of a species but not affect its population status at a regional level.
Low Negative	The change may affect the ecological receptor in the short term, but there will probably be no permanent effect on its integrity and/or key attributes and is unlikely to change its evaluation.
Neutral	There will be changes to the receptor, but they will cause no short-term or long-term affects on its integrity, key attributes or species populations.
No change	There will be no observable impact on the ecological receptor.

Impact Significance

9.2.15 The significance of impacts has been determined according to the matrix of value/sensitivity and magnitude as illustrated in Table 9.3.

Table 9.3: Matrix for Assessment of Ecological Impacts

Magnitude / Importance	Neutral	Low	Medium	High
International	Neutral	Moderate	Major	Major
National	Neutral	Moderate	Major	Major
Regional/Authority Area	Neutral	Minor	Moderate	Moderate
Local	Neutral	Minor	Minor	Minor
Less than Local	Neutral	Negligible	Negligible	Minor

9.2.16 This preliminary evaluation of significance has been made on the basis of the consultation and literature review, site walkover and Phase 1 Habitat Survey results. A precautionary approach has been adopted, however, further species-specific surveys will be required at DMRB Stage 3 to fully evaluate the nature conservation value of features within the study area.

Limitations to Assessment

9.2.17 Although considerable data are available for the study area, the level of detail varies between species and groups. The designated site information however, allied with the Phase 1 Habitat information and the consultation responses have allowed for a robust comparative assessment to be undertaken between the route corridor options, and this assessment fulfils the guidance presented in DMRB for a Stage 2 assessment.

9.2.18 Although the additional Phase 1 Habitat Survey was undertaken at a sub-optimal time of year (outside of the prescribed period of April – September), sufficient information was gathered to allow for the robust identification of habitat types. In addition, the field data collected were reviewed in the context of previous Phase 1 Habitat Survey information available.

9.3 Baseline Conditions

Consultation Information

9.3.1 This section is based on consultation responses received during the Stage 2 assessment and desk based review of existing information.

Designated Sites

9.3.2 Designated sites are shown on Figure 9.2.

9.3.3 There are three SPAs within the study area: the Firth of Forth, the Forth Islands and the Leith Docks SPA. All are designated as such due to the breeding bird populations of European importance they support e.g. sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis), Slavonian grebe (Podiceps auritus) and pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus).

9.3.4 The Firth of Forth SPA is also designated as a Ramsar site, and regularly supports over 20,000 waterfowl in the winter. This site is underpinned by the Firth of Forth SSSI, which is considered to be of special interest due to a number of habitats and species. Habitats of interest within this SSSI are fens, lagoons, heathland, salt marshes/sand dunes, extensive reed beds and the most diverse coastal grassland in west Fife (SNH, 2008). Species of special interest include eel grasses (Zostera sp.), sea wormwood (Artemisia maritima), and pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis). Furthermore, this SSSI supports a large number and density of waders and wildfowl and represents the second most important estuarine area for wintering bird species in Scotland.

9.3.5 The River Teith SAC lies outside of the study area but due to the migratory nature of the site’s qualifying species (sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), river lamprey (L. fluviatilis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)), is identified within this assessment.

9.3.6 There are nine other SSSIs located within the study area. Otterston Loch SSSI, to the northeast of Dalgety Bay in the eastern periphery of the Northern study area, is designated as it supports several regionally scarce habitat types (e.g. swamp woodland) and floral species including cowbane (Cicuta virosa) and the aquatic rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum). Additionally, it is of local importance for breeding and wintering wildfowl (SNH 2008).

9.3.7 Philipstoun Muir SSSI lies approximately 2km northeast of Winchburgh and in the far western periphery of the Southern study area and encompasses mixed deciduous woodland which supports several plant species uncommon in the Lothians such as sanicle (Sanicula europaea), twayblade (Listera ovata) and oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris).

9.3.8 St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI lies on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth, adjacent and to the west of the A90. The SSSI comprises one of the largest expanses of reed bed in Fife which provides important habitat for breeding birds such as sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) and water rail (Rallus aquaticus). This SSSI also supports areas of herb-rich grassland which includes nationally uncommon species such as northern marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza purpurella), as well as communities of breeding birds, including whitethroat (Sylvia communis) linnet (Carduelis cannabina), green woodpecker (Picus viridis) and willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) (SNH, 2008).

9.3.9 Carlingnose SSSI lies to the east of North Queensferry and within the eastern periphery of the Northern study area, with North Queensferry, the Forth Road Bridge and the Forth Rail Bridge between them. The SSSI contains areas of herb-rich calcareous grassland and dwarf-shrub heath; this combination of habitats is scarce and declining in Fife. Carlingnose SSSI supports a variety of vascular plant species, including one species rare in Scotland, as well as a few which are locally rare or scarce e.g. dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris), bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and field gentian (Gentianella campestris). Carlingnose Point Scottish Wildlife Trust (SWT) Reserve encompasses the SSSI and extends to the north of it.

9.3.10 Ferry Hills SSSI lies northwest of North Queensferry and immediately adjacent to the A90. It contains scarce and declining habitats of unimproved calcareous and neutral grassland. Like Carlingnose SSSI, this site supports a wide variety of vascular plants including several which are locally scarce.

9.3.11 Seven local plan designated SINCs lie within the survey area: Port Edgar, Dundas Hill/Barrencraig Wood, Back Braes Weir, Lindsay’s Craigs, River Almond, Disused Railway Line and Jock’s Hole SINCs. In addition, two Wildlife Sites are present at Jamestown Pond and Clais Muir Wood. There are also four Local Nature Reserves (LNR) located at Port Laing, North Queensferry/Ferry Hills, St. Margaret’s Marsh and Jamestown Jetty. Although these sites receive no statutory protection, they are considered important at the authority area/local level.

Habitats and Vegetation

9.3.12 This section is based on the Phase 1 Habitat Survey information presented on Figure 9.1.

9.3.13 Figure 9.1 utilises Annex D5.3 of the Strategic Transport Projects Review – Report 4 – Appendix D – Environment (Transport Scotland, 2007a) as a data source. These data were based on information provided by Lothian Wildlife Trust and the Forests and the European Union Resource Network (FERN) (2001/2) with ground-truthing undertaken from public rights of way by Faber Maunsell for the above report. Surveys undertaken by Jacobs Arup of areas outside of the original survey boundary but required to provide coverage of the Forth Replacement Crossing study area also inform this section.

9.3.14 Additional information has been supplied by the local Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI) recorder regarding locally rare plants all of which were recorded from within statutorily and non-statutorily protected sites. Information regarding habitats present within statutory and non-statutory sites has also been utilised in this section.

9.3.15 The predominant habitat within the survey area comprises arable land. Such habitats are generally intensively managed and therefore of limited ecological value.

9.3.16 Much of the semi-natural habitats within the study area are contained within the aforementioned statutorily and non-statutorily protected sites.

9.3.17 The most extensive semi-natural habitat present within the study area is woodland. A large number of woodlands are listed as Ancient Woodland sites with additional areas identified as Semi-natural Ancient Woodland. Ancient Woodland comprises areas that appear as wooded on 1750 maps and are considered likely to have been continuously wooded since then. Semi-natural Ancient Woodland comprises areas that appear as wooded on 1860 maps but not on the 1750 maps and have therefore appeared between these dates. These woodlands are recorded on the Phase 1 habitat maps as a mix of semi-natural broadleaved woodland, broadleaved woodland plantation, coniferous and mixed plantation.

9.3.18 Other semi-natural habitats present within the survey area include coastal reedbeds and salt marsh and areas of small and fragmented unimproved and semi-improved neutral grasslands. Riparian habitats are also present alongside watercourses and other water bodies.

Species of Conservation Concern

9.3.19 Species of conservation concern comprise those species that are afforded statutory protection, are identified on the Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) or are otherwise identified as being of concern due to a decline in numbers and/or distribution as described in paragraphs 9.1.3-9.1.9.

9.3.20 The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was published in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The main objective of the BAP is to preserve and enhance the biological diversity of the UK through implementation of Habitat Action Plans (HAPs) and Species Action Plans (SAPs).

9.3.21 The presence of a HAP or SAP reflects the fact that the habitat or species to which it relates is in a sub-optimal state and requires conservation action. It does not imply any specific designation or level of importance, but establishes a framework for the conservation of the habitat and identifies current factors causing loss and decline of that feature.

9.3.22 In 2007, SNH published a Species Action Framework that identified 32 species where new, focused effort and resources over the next five years could make the most difference to biodiversity.

9.3.23 In addition to having national priorities and targets, action for biodiversity is also taken at a local level. Within the study area, this is achieved through the implementation of Local BAPs. The implementation of BAPs, whether at the UK or local level, is perceived as a fundamental requirement for public bodies to meet their obligations under the relevant national legislation.

Amphibians

9.3.24 A search on the National Biodiversity Network (NBN) gateway website reveals positive records for the following amphibian species within the study area:

• common toad (Bufo bufo);
• common frog (Rana temporaria);
• smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris);
• palmate newt (L. helveticus); and
• great crested newt (Triturus cristatus).

9.3.25 Great crested newts are a European protected species and have been recorded south of the Firth of Forth at Dundas Castle and Dalmeny (Transport Scotland, 2007a). Great crested newts are widespread across the UK although in Scotland they are close to the northern extent of their range (Oldham et al., 2000). However where great crested newts are present they are likely to be locally abundant and could potentially use any terrestrial habitat within 500m of their breeding ponds. Therefore for the purposes of this assessment great crested newts are assumed to be potentially present in all ponds and terrestrial habitats within 500m of the route corridor options.

9.3.26 Common species of amphibian (common frog, common toad, smooth and palmate newt) are only protected from sale under statute (WCA, 1981). However they are listed as priority species under the United Kingdom (UK) BAP and as such should be considered as species of conservation concern.

Badgers

9.3.27 Records of badger (Meles meles) setts have been received from Edinburgh and Lothians Badger Group. These records highlight that badgers are widespread throughout the study area. As badgers are still subject to persecution, records for setts and their locations will not be reported in this document. Badger records will be reported at DMRB Stage 3 in a separate confidential report in conjunction with the result of targeted badger surveys carried out for the northern and southern route corridor options.

9.3.28 Although badgers are protected under national legislation, it is one of most common and widespread British mammals and therefore for the purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that badgers are present throughout the study area and utilise all suitable habitat.

Bats

9.3.29 Data returned from Echoes Ecology consisted of nine bat records dating between May 2001 and September 2007. All of these records related to the Southern study area. Three species were recorded in this area: common or bandit pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), soprano pipistrelle (P.pygmaeus), and Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii). One record comprised of foraging and commuting activity, three of field captures and the remaining five of roosts in trees or buildings. The majority of these records are located outside of the study area but are located on its western periphery. The most significant record was for a maternity colony of 100+ soprano pipistrelles at Hopetoun Estates (NT070060) which was recorded in July 2007.

9.3.30 All bats are listed as European Protected Species.

Birds

9.3.31 At the coastal edge of the Northern study area, St. Margaret’s Marsh supports regionally important breeding and wintering bird species such as blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), whitethroat, garden warbler (S. borin), redwing (Turdus iliacus), curlew (Numenius arquata) and marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus). Other notable bird species recorded at St. Margaret’s Marsh include water rail (Rallus aquaticus), dunlin (Calidris alpine), snipe (Gallinago gallinago), sedge warbler, linnet, corn bunting (Miliaria calandra), redshank (Tringa tetanus), green woodpecker, skylark (Alauda arvensis), fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) (ERM, 1996).

9.3.32 Castlandhill Wood, which is also within the Northern study area supports bird species such as goldcrest (Regulus regulus), wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), robin (Erithacus rubecula), blackbird (Turdus merula), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and tits (Parus spp.). Dales Wood, in the middle of the Northern study area, also supports common bird species such as long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), willow warbler, robin, chaffinch (ERM, 1996).

9.3.33 Notable species recorded in the Southern study area include buzzard (Buteo buteo) in Duddingston Wood, grey partridge (Perdix perdix) at the River Almond Oxbow, linnet at Duddingston Wood, Pinkerton Wood and Burn Craig Wood; black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), sand martin (Riparia riparia), dipper (Cinclus cinclus), sedge warbler, linnet, teal (Anas crecca) and goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) along the River Almond corridor (ERM, 1996).

9.3.34 In the Southern study area, woodland such as Duddingston Wood and Burn Craig Wood support a range of common bird species such as the robin, dunnock (Prunella modularis), great-spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), woodpigeon (Columba palumbus), blackbird, starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus) (ERM, 1996).

9.3.35 The River Almond (in the Southern study area) and its banks support a wide range of breeding and wintering bird species. Survey visits south of the River Almond at an old oxbow recorded presence of grey partridge, reed bunting, grey heron (Ardea cinerea), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and dunnock. Fields inland of Port Edgar are reported to support wintering and breeding flocks of lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) as well as species such as barn owls (Tyto alba), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) which are known to use farmland. Tawny owls (Strix aluco) are known to inhabit Burn Craigs Wood (ERM, 1996).

9.3.36 The Forth Islands SPA regularly supports breeding populations of European importance: sandwich terns and common terns (Sterna hirundo), as well as the most northerly colony of roseate terns (S. dougallii). This SPA also supports internationally important populations of migratory species such as shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), gannets (Morus bassanus), puffins (Fratercula arctica), razorbills (Alca torda), lesser black-backed gulls (Larus fuscus), kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and guillemots (Uria aalge) (SNH, 2004).

9.3.37 The Firth of Forth Ramsar site regularly supports approximately 20,000 waterfowl over winter (SNH, 2001a).

9.3.38 The Firth of Forth SPA supports an internationally important post-breeding population of sandwich tern. This SPA also regularly supports wintering populations of European and International importance of migratory bird species such as the pink-footed goose, shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), goldeneye, turnstone (Arenaria interpres), knot (Calidris canutus), Slavonian grebe (Podiceps auritus), redshank, bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) (SNH, 2001a), red-throated diver (Gavia stellata), red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), oystercatcher, great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), common scoter (Melanitta nigra), scaup (Aythya marila), long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), curlew and golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria) (SNH, 2001b).

9.3.39 The Firth of Forth SSSI encompasses mudflats which are important feeding grounds for waders and wildfowl in the Firth of Forth. This SSSI is particularly important for its wintering bird species and is consequently the second most important estuarine area for wintering birds in Scotland and eleventh in the UK. There are internationally important populations of shelduck, and nationally important populations of redshank, great crested grebe and wintering knot. In the inner Firth of Forth, important populations of goldeneye and teal are present. Regionally important species which use the shoreline, intertidal area and offshore waters of the Firth of Forth include wigeon (Anas Penelope), golden plover, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), pintail (Anus acuta), pochard (Aythya farina) and lapwing (SNH, 2008).

9.3.40 Long Craig Island SSSI supports a nationally important colony of roseate terns.

9.3.41 Inchmickery SSSI maintains important breeding colonies of four species of tern - common, arctic, sandwich and roseate; the numbers of roseate and sandwich terns here are of national importance (SNH, 2008).

9.3.42 Otterston Loch SSSI contains locally important populations of wintering and breeding wildfowl, as well as containing a small heronry and a large rookery.

9.3.43 St. Margaret’s Marsh SSSI (described in paragraph 9.3.30 in terms of its bird assemblage) contains a number of habitats important for breeding birds including reedbeds important for water rails (Rallus aquaticus), sedge warblers and reed buntings; and scrub and grassland important for whitethroat, linnet, green woodpecker and snipe.

9.3.44 All birds, their nests and eggs with certain exceptions are protected under national law.

Invertebrates

9.3.45 The National Biodiversity Network (NBN) records the presence of a number of marine and terrestrial invertebrate species listed on the UK BAP within and adjacent to the study area. For example, SEPA (2006) records the presence of the cranefly (Lipsothrix ecucullata) at numerous points within and surrounding the study area such as at Keithing Burn, Linn Burn, Dour Burn, Murray Burn, Niddry Burn, Brox Burn and Dolphington Burn.

9.3.46 Other UKBAP invertebrate species recorded within and adjacent to the study area are as follows:

• rove beetle (Staphylinidae fortunatarum) at Faucheldean (Lothian Wildlife Information Centre, 1996) and Dalmeny Park (SNH, 1982);
• European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) at Faucheldean, Drumbrae South (Lothian Wildlife Information Centre, 1996), and the Hopetoun Estate (Highland Biological Recording Group, 1983);
• small pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene) at Roscobie Hills SSSI (Scottish Natural Heritage 1989) and Blairdam Forest (Highland Biological Recording Group 1993);
• sea squirt (Tunicata clava) at Hound Point and approximately 300m from Rosyth Castle on the north shore (JNCC 1992); and
• sea whip (Virgularia mirabilis) at Kingston Hudds (Marine Biological Association 1993) and in the Firth of Forth estuary (SEPA 2006).

9.3.47 Previous desk studies by Faber Maunsell recorded the presence of additional notable terrestrial species near to the study area. Species listed as ‘Noteable’ include the leafhopper (Aphrodes albiger) at Hopetoun Estate (NT088739; LWIC, 1996), and the leaf beetles (Apteropeda globosa and Tropiphorus terricola) at Hopetoun Estate (NT088789; Ranger Service Recording). ‘Nationally Notable’ species recorded in 1995 are the planthoppers (Stiroma bicarinata and Dicranotropis divergens) in Faucheldean which is just outside of the southern study area.

9.3.48 The Firth of Forth Ramsar site and SPA includes extensive invertebrate-rich intertidal flats (SNH, 2001). The Firth of Forth SSSI supports a wide range of invertebrate species which reflects the wide range of habitats present within it. A number of nationally scarce invertebrate species occur in this area e.g. the northern brown argus butterfly (Aricia artaxerxes) and the sand dart moth (Agrotis ripae). Also present within this SSSI are a number of rare or very local beetle species (including Lebia chlorocephala, Scymnus schmidti, Ceutorhynchus rugulosus and Cleonus piger (SNH, 2008)).

9.3.49 Certain species of invertebrate are protected to a degree by national and European legislation.

Fish

9.3.50 Longannet Power Station (west of the study area, on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth) records fish species which are swept into the station with cooling water intakes. The most common species sampled recently (in 2006) were cod (Gadus morhua), flounder (Platicthyes flesus), (gadidae juv), goby (Gobius spp), herring Clupea harengus, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), snake pipefish (Entelurus aequoreus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Other species trapped include salmon and river lamprey. The latter is a species of conservation concern, listed for freshwater habitats only under Annex II of the Habitats Directive (CEC, 1992). It is reasonable to assume that species found at this point of the Firth of Forth are also found within the study area.

9.3.51 A number of watercourses in the study area (such as Swine Burn, Niddry Burn, the River Almond, Dolphington Burn and Keithing Burn) are likely to host fish species of conservation concern.

9.3.52 Certain species of fish are protected to a degree by national and European legislation.

Red Squirrels

9.3.53 The consultation responses yielded no records of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) within the study area. Sparse historical red squirrel records do however exist outside the study area. South of the Firth of Forth, red squirrels have been recorded from outside of the study area although these records date from 1994 or earlier. Records of red squirrels to the north of the Firth of Forth date from 1993-1996 and occur within woodlands west of Fordell Castle which lie partly within the study area.

9.3.54 Red squirrels are protected under national legislation.

Reptiles

9.3.55 The consultation request for reptile records within the study area had returned no results at the time of writing this report. NBN Gateway holds a record of a slow worm (Anguis fragilis) from Cairney Hill in 1991, approximately 10km east of the Northern study area. Other anecdotal sightings of common lizards (Zootoca vivpara) have been recorded in 2003 in areas to the north and south of the Forth Replacement Crossing but these records are in excess of 10km outside of the study area. These species of reptile are afforded limited protection under national legislation.

Riparian Mammals

9.3.56 Preliminary otter (Lutra lutra) surveys conducted by Faber Maunsell in January 2007 reported positive signs of otters (i.e. spraint) at Port Edgar and Hill End. There are (undated) sightings of otters reported by the Scottish Wildlife Trust (SWT) and the Vincent Wildlife Trust (VWT) on the River Almond and its tributaries (Swine Burn, Brox Burn and Niddry Burn) which are within the Southern study area.

9.3.57 The NBN reports no records of otter or water vole (Arvicola terrestris) within 250m of any of the proposed route corridor options (north and south). However, the NBN records otter presence at Fordell-Inverkeithing (grid reference: NT146873) which is approximately 1km outside of the Northern study area, and at Boathouse Bridge on the River Almond at NT143743 near Kirkliston which is at the southern extent of the Southern study area.

9.3.58 The Atlas of Mammals (Arnold, 1993) reports presence of water voles in Old Philipstoun (NT0778) which is just outside the Southern study area, however these records date back to 1967. The Lothian Wildlife Information Centre reports more recent sightings of water vole between October 1999 and March 2000 in Faucheldean, near Winchburgh (which is just southwest of the Southern study area).

9.3.59 Otters are a European protected species while water vole habitat, access to it and disturbance of the water vole is illegal under national legislation.

Cetaceans

9.3.60 Cetaceans such as the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncactus) are regularly recorded in the Firth of Forth (Transport Scotland, 2007b). Incidental records indicate that the Firth of Forth is regularly used by killer whale (Orcinus orca) and records have also provided evidence that solitary animals lie-up beneath the Forth Road Bridge, while a pod of whales has been recorded feeding on seal pups in the estuary over the last two years. On the basis of the above and the known importance of the estuary to other cetaceans, the Firth of Forth is considered to be of regional or national importance. All cetaceans are European protected species.

Other Marine Mammals

9.3.61 The Isle of May SAC is located in the north of the outer Forth of Forth approximately 8km from the coast and approximately 55km from the location of the proposed replacement bridge. This SAC is designated in recognition of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) populations. The site is the largest east coast breeding colony of grey seals in Scotland and the fourth-largest breeding colony in the UK, contributing approximately 4.5% of annual UK pup production.

Field Survey Results

Habitats and Flora

9.3.62 As previously stated, additional Phase 1 Habitat Survey was undertaken to provide complete mapping of the habitats within the study area as this extended further than that considered in earlier assessments.

9.3.63 Phase 1 Habitat maps are shown as Figure 9.1.

Fauna

Amphibians

9.3.64 The Phase 1 Habitat Survey and walkover of the study area identified numerous ponds and terrestrial habitat such as woodland, which could support breeding amphibian populations. Surveys currently underway for Stage 3 have confirmed the presence of great crested newts within the Southern study area at Dundas Hill and an additional population was recorded from within the southern element of Ferry Hills SSSI in the Northern study area. Great crested newt populations are considered to be of national importance within the study area whereas other amphibian species present are assessed to be of local importance.

Badgers

9.3.65 No badger field signs were identified during the Phase 1 Habitat Survey or walkover surveys. However the mosaic of habitats in the study area includes woodland and arable/pastoral farmland that is likely to support badgers. Badgers are assessed to be of local importance within the study area.

Bats

9.3.66 No specific surveys were undertaken for bats to inform DMRB Stage 2 assessment, but the landscape structure and overall quality of habitat suggests that bats are likely to be present across the study area and surveys are therefore underway to inform more detailed assessment at Stage 3. It would, however, be expected for their distribution to be concentrated along river and stream corridors, wooded areas, hedgerows and smaller enclosed fields as these habitat types offer suitable roosting sites and/or foraging opportunities and allow connectivity between habitat areas.

9.3.67 The study area comprises a mixture of urban and semi-natural habitats. Broadleaved woodland blocks provide optimal foraging habitat and a variety of different types of buildings within close proximity of each other provide a range of different potential roosting conditions. Furthermore, the hedgerows and watercourses within the study area are likely to facilitate the movement of bats throughout the landscape. Given the location of the study area and the habitats available it is probable that common pipistrelle, Daubenton’s and brown long-eared bats (Plecotus auritus) are present. In light of the above, the study area is likely to be of Authority Area importance in relation to bats, although this largely depends on the numbers and types of roosts actually present.

Birds

9.3.68 The walkover survey and the Phase 1 Habitat Survey confirmed that the study area provides a mixture of urban and semi-urban habitats, intensively managed farmland and blocks of broadleaved, mixed and coniferous plantation woodland. This mixture of habitats and the proximity of the Firth of Forth indicate that the area could support significant populations of woodland breeding birds and may be of importance for waders and wildfowl that use the estuary in winter.

Invertebrates

9.3.69 The walkover survey and the Phase 1 Habitat Survey information identified areas of semi-natural vegetation and fresh, still and running waters from within the study area which may support invertebrate species of note. Invertebrates are considered to be of local importance although this assessment is likely to alter should the presence of UKBAP species and/or important assemblages be identified.

Fish

9.3.70 A number of rivers and streams observed to be of variable water quality during the walkover surveys are present in the study area and have the potential to support fish populations.

Red Squirrel

9.3.71 Red squirrels were not recorded within the study area during the walkover and Phase 1 surveys, although several woodland areas provide potential to support populations of this species. Large woodland areas with high connectivity, diverse age structure and a favourable species mix (e.g. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), yew (Taxus baccata) are present within the study area. There are, however, relatively few large blocks of connected coniferous woodland within the study area. Grey squirrels (Sciruis carolinensis) were observed during the walkover survey within Dundas Estate and are likely to be present throughout the study area. It is considered unlikely that red squirrels are present within the study area and this opinion was supported by SNH.

Reptiles

9.3.72 No specific reptile surveys were undertaken for DMRB Stage 2 but preliminary assessment of the available habitat area, their extent and connectivity indicate that reptiles are likely to be present within the study area.

9.3.73 Reptiles have fairly broad habitat requirements but do require key areas such as scrub, rough grass, heath and features such as log/stone piles and south facing slopes. Linear features such as hedgerows and drystone walls provide suitable corridors for them to move and maintain links with different habitat areas. The species most likely to be present in the predominantly agricultural landscape are the common lizard and slow worm.

9.3.74 The population size and status of reptiles within the local area is unknown but based on their declining numbers throughout Britain and the recent inclusion of all UK reptiles on the UK BAP, they are considered of local importance.

Riparian Mammals

9.3.75 Although no signs of otter or water vole were found during the walkover survey or Phase 1 Habitat Survey, they are likely to be present throughout the study area. Habitats observed offer potential to support these species e.g. slow-moving rivers and streams suitable for water vole with good fish habitat providing foraging opportunities for otters. In addition, areas of grassland and woodland/scrub offer refuge/breeding sites for water voles and otters respectively.

9.3.76 As otters are generally widespread throughout Scotland (Green & Green, 1997), the study area is likely to be of authority area importance in relation to this species. However, water voles are rare especially in lowland Scotland (Strachan & Jeffries, 2003); therefore the study area is likely to be of regional importance in relation to water voles.

Summary of Baseline Assessment

9.3.77 The baseline assessment is based primarily on the review and interpretation of previously prepared reports, consultation information and surveys (walkover and Phase 1 Habitat). This review has indicated the likely presence of the following species and groups:

• amphibians;
• badgers;
• bats;
• breeding birds (terrestrial and marine habitats);
• wintering birds (terrestrial and marine habitats);
• terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates;
• freshwater and marine fish;
• reptiles;
• water voles and otters; and
• marine mammals (cetaceans and seals (family phocidae).

9.3.78 Due to the lack of recent records of red squirrels, no signs of red squirrels noted during surveys currently underway to inform Stage 3, and the presence of grey squirrels, it is considered unlikely that they are present within the study area and they are not therefore considered further in this assessment.

9.4 Potential Impacts

9.4.1 This assessment is based on potential impacts (i.e. without mitigation), and based on the intrinsic value of habitats encountered during the walkover and Phase 1 Habitat Surveys and their potential value to support plant and animal species of conservation concern.

9.4.2 The different route corridor options have been considered against a ‘do minimum’ scenario i.e. the scenario of what could happen if the scheme does not go ahead. This therefore serves as a baseline for the impact assessment.

9.4.3 The range of potential impacts of road schemes and their significance on nature conservation will depend on the individual circumstances of each scheme. However, it is possible to identify a number of main areas of concern, which have general applicability (Highways Agency et al., 1993). These include:

• direct mortality;
• habitat loss;
• habitat fragmentation and isolation;
• disturbance; and
• pollution and other indirect impacts (where applicable).

9.4.4 As indicated in Chapter 5 (paragraph 5.3.5) construction impacts are considered as temporary and operational impacts to be long term or permanent.

Nature Conservation Sites

9.4.5 A simple comparison of the potential impacts on nature conservation resulting from the different route corridor options is presented in Table 9.4 below. This comparative assessment includes the estuarine protected sites associated with construction and operation of the proposed replacement bridge. This basic assessment is based on the number of times a site of each level of nature conservation value (i.e. international national, regional, authority area or local) could be directly affected by each route corridor option.

Table 9.4: Number of Sites Potentially Directly Affected without Mitigation

Ecological Value	Number of Areas Potentially Directly Affected (Includes Multiple Designations on Individual Sites)
	North		South
	Corridor Option 1	Corridor Option 2	Corridor Option 1B	Corridor Option 2
International	11	11	11	11
National	12	2	0	0
Regional	0	0	0	0
Authority Area/Local	1	2	3	3

1 The Firth of Forth is only counted once as an International site, despite the fact that it maintains two International designations (SPA and Ramsar and one National Designation (SSSI).
2 Does not include impacts to Ferry Hills SSSI as this corridor option only affects the geological element of this site.

Proposed Replacement Bridge

Designated Sites

9.4.6 Without mitigation, the construction of the proposed replacement bridge is likely to cause disturbance to the wintering bird assemblages of the Firth of Forth SPA, causing disturbance within the SPA boundary to birds feeding at low tide, birds roosting at high tide and disturbance to open water species. WeBS low tide data for the winter of 2003/04 indicates redshank, cormorant, curlew and red breasted merganser all occur in significant numbers in this corridor (above 1% of SPA designated threshold level). There are also potential impacts associated with disturbance of roosting areas adjacent to the coast.

9.4.7 The Forth Islands SPA is designated for its breeding common, roseate, sandwich and arctic tern colonies and breeding seabird assemblages. Most of this composite SPA is located in the outer Firth of Forth, however Long Craig Island is situated beneath the Forth Road Bridge and supports important tern colonies. Disturbance impacts on this site will be dependent on the timing and type of construction activities.

9.4.8 Leith Docks SPA holds the largest breeding common tern colony on the Firth of Forth and is designated for 558 pairs, which is estimated to be 5% of the British population. Terns are very mobile, and would readily move between colonies and birds are unlikely to breed only in one colony or another. There is therefore an ecological link between these two SPAs. Potential disturbance to the breeding tern populations on Long Craig Island may, therefore, result in increased numbers within these colonies. It is anticipated that any impacts would be restricted to this construction period.

9.4.9 The qualifying features of the River Teith SAC rely upon the successful migration through the Firth of Forth of salmon, sea lamprey and river lamprey. There is potential for this migration to be interrupted by indirect impacts of construction such as increased turbidity. The acoustic impact of pile driving, in particular can create a barrier for migrating fish. Any such disturbance impacts will be dependent upon the timing and type of impact and it is anticipated that any impacts would be restricted to the construction period.

9.4.10 As noted in paragraph 9.5.5, further assessment will be undertaken to provide information to inform an Appropriate Assessment of potential impacts on Natura 2000 sites (SPAs and SACs). The scope of this assessment is currently being developed in consultation with SNH.

Amphibians

9.4.11 Potential impacts on amphibians may occur during the construction of the bridge abutments on the north and south shores of the Firth of Forth. Any such impacts are discussed in the impacts common to all route corridor options section.

Badgers

9.4.12 Potential impacts on badgers may occur during the construction of the bridge abutments on the north and south shores of the Firth of Forth. Any such impacts are discussed in the impacts common to all route corridor options section.

Bats

9.4.13 The proposed replacement bridge is unlikely to impact on bat populations in the area since it predominantly passes over the Firth of Forth. There may be negligible disturbance impacts associated with construction and operation of the scheme if lighting is used. For instance, some bats, such as pipistrelles, may forage over beaches, and thus foraging and commuting activity could be modified (Halcrow, 2006; Sheil et al., 1999).

Birds

9.4.14 Due to the extensive nature of the Natura 2000 sites designated for their ornithological interest, potential impacts are addressed in the Nature Conservation Sites section above. It is however not possible to confirm the magnitude and significance of these impacts at this stage, and assessment is therefore necessarily preliminary and qualitative.

Invertebrates

9.4.15 The Firth of Forth Ramsar and SPA include extensive invertebrate-rich intertidal flats (SNH, 2001a and b). Construction and operation of the proposed replacement bridge could result in the temporary and permanent loss of habitat and there could therefore be a consequent minor loss of invertebrate biomass and potential loss of habitats important for the above species. It is likely that any habitat loss would be restricted to those areas affected by construction and impacts are again assessed as of low magnitude and Moderate significance.

Fish

9.4.16 This assessment is based on the assumption that species trapped at Longannet Power Station are representative of fish species in the Firth of Forth (paragraph 9.3.42). Potential impacts that may affect fish species include habitat disturbance and acoustic disturbance which may cause fish species to temporarily avoid areas of construction. Loss of subtidal and intertidal habitat may also occur as a result of construction; however impacts on fish are expected to be of low magnitude due to the extensive areas of habitat within the area but may result in impacts of Moderate/Minor significance.

Reptiles

9.4.17 Impacts where the bridge joins the north and south shore are predicted and are discussed as part of the northern and southern route corridor options.

Riparian Mammals

9.4.18 In the Northern study area, no impacts upon otters or water voles are predicted. In the Southern study area, the construction and operation of the proposed replacement bridge could affect otters through impacts upon the northern end of Linn Mill Burn. Consultation information provided evidence that otters are present at the mouth of the Linn Mill Burn, which strongly implies use of the foreshore for feeding and/or travelling between rivers to good food sources such as ponds in the upper reaches of these small tributaries of the Firth of Forth. Construction could cause disturbance, may increase risk of pollution, and result in fragmentation/loss of important otter habitats. With respect to otters, the impacts described would be likely to be of medium magnitude and Moderate significance whereas for water voles, the impact would be of neutral magnitude and Neutral significance.

Cetaceans

9.4.19 Potential impacts that may affect cetaceans include potential disruption of movement up and down the Firth of Forth and acoustic disturbance during construction which may cause cetaceans to temporarily leave such areas. Impacts associated with the proposed replacement bridge would be restricted to the construction period and are considered to be of low magnitude and Moderate significance.

Other Marine Mammals

9.4.20 SNH advised during consultation that seals may swim as far as the proposed replacement bridge, but did not consider that the conservation objectives of the Isle of May SAC would be undermined. The SAC is a considerable distance (approximately 55km) from the proposed replacement bridge and therefore is not considered further at Stage 2. Any disturbance to individuals within proximity of the proposed scheme will be considered during Stage 3.

Summary of Potential Impacts (Proposed Replacement Bridge)

9.4.21 Table 9.5 provides a summary of potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed replacement bridge.

Table 9.5: Summary of Potential Impacts – Proposed Replacement Bridge

Ecological Receptor	Value	Potential Impact (unmitigated)
		Magnitude	Significance
Terrestrial Habitat	Local	Medium	Minor
Intertidal Habitat	International	Low	Moderate
Amphibians	National/local	Neutral	Neutral
Bats	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Badgers	Local	Neutral	Neutral
Birds	International – Local	Unknown	Not confirmed *
Invertebrates	International - Local	Low	Moderate
Fish	International – Local	Low	Moderate
Reptiles	Local	Neutral	Neutral
Otters	Authority Area	Medium	Moderate
Water Voles	Regional	Low	Minor
Cetaceans	National - Regional	Low	Moderate

* refer to paragraphs 9.4.13 and 9.4.14

Northern Route Corridor Options

Impacts Common to Both Northern Route Corridor Options

Designated Sites

9.4.22 Both of the northern route corridor options could result in impacts to the Firth of Forth SPA, Ramsar Site and SSSI. Impacts would be restricted to a small area from the launching point of the bridge and may result in the loss of small areas of intertidal and coastal habitats, disturbance, shading and potential pollution.

Invertebrates

9.4.23 There is insufficient information available at this stage to determine potential differences between impacts on species, and only qualitative assessment is therefore provided for each of the northern route corridor options.

Reptiles

9.4.24 Immediately north of St Margaret’s Wood on the northern shore is an open area of scrub, bare ground and rough grass that appears to be suitable for reptiles. This area could be almost completely lost during the construction of the Forth Replacement Crossing for both of the northern route corridor options, but impacts associated with this habitat loss are considered to be Neutral magnitude and of Neutral significance due to its small size and its good connection to the extensive area of alternative suitable habitat in St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI.

North Corridor Option 1

Designated Sites

9.4.25 Impacts to St Margaret’s Marsh could result from loss of habitat within the eastern area of the site as well as indirect impacts associated with disturbance, potential pollution, shading and changes to hydrology of the remaining site. Impacts are assessed as of medium magnitude and Moderate significance.

9.4.26 Ferry Hills SSSI is associated with the cuttings and hilltop grasslands alongside the M90. Based on the citation, it appears that the cuttings affected by North Corridor Option 1 represent the geological component of the designation (and that the grassland element of the SSSI comprises the circular area at Fairy Kirk (an old quarry tip) and the area to the east of the Forth Road Bridge), there should be no direct or indirect ecological impacts on this feature as a result of North Corridor Option 1.

Habitats and Vegetation

9.4.27 This corridor option could result in significant impacts to St Margaret’s Wood, listed on the semi-natural woodland inventory as a Long Established Woodland of Plantation Origin, adjacent to the bridgehead. It is anticipated that approximately 20% of the woodland could be lost and additional impacts to the remaining woodland may occur as a result of disturbance, localised hydrological changes due to changes to groundwater flows and drainage, as well as changes to the micro-climatic conditions of the wood. Impacts are therefore assessed as being of high magnitude which on a feature of Authority Area importance results in an impact of Moderate significance.

9.4.28 Apart from the above impacts, due to the predominant online nature of this corridor option, it is not anticipated that significant additional impacts to habitats and vegetation could occur.

Amphibians

9.4.29 North Corridor Option 1 could result in the loss of terrestrial habitat that may support amphibians, notably St. Margaret’s Wood; however at the time of writing, there were no records of amphibians in this area. The construction and subsequent operational phase of this corridor option may increase the likelihood of adverse impacts such as loss and degradation of habitats, mortality and fragmentation/severance of habitats. As great crested newts were only recorded remotely from this corridor option during the Stage 3 surveys, no impacts are predicted on this species. Impacts are therefore predicted to constitute a medium adverse impact of Minor significance.

Badgers

9.4.30 North Corridor Option 1 involves primarily online widening to the existing A90/M90 carriageway. Badgers regularly use road embankments as commuting corridors, for sett building (although no such use was recorded during the walkover survey or consultation) and for foraging. Therefore online improvements on this section could potentially cause the disruption of commuting corridors, loss of setts and suitable foraging habitat. Also disturbance to active setts adjacent to working areas may occur. Where North Corridor Option 1 ties into the proposed replacement bridge, it is offline for approximately 200m and would result in the loss of areas of St. Margaret’s Wood, although impacts are slightly reduced in this corridor option when compared to Northern Corridor Option 2. Although no records of badger were forthcoming, these impacts have the potential to result in impacts of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Bats

9.4.31 Where severance of hedgerows, watercourses and other linear features occurs there is the potential for disruption of bat flightlines and commuting corridors. Due to a lack of records, the scale of these impacts cannot be predicted until the importance of the relative flightlines has been determined. Due to the predominant online nature of this option, impacts are assessed as being of negligible magnitude and Slight significance. Equally, potential impacts to any features used as maternity roosts cannot be fully assessed but due to the online nature of this option impacts are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Birds

9.4.32 Construction and operation of this option could result in losses of eastern areas of St Margaret’s Marsh, which is known as an important area for bird species all year round.

9.4.33 As this option is substantially online, potential impacts on bird populations of this option are considered to be lower than for North Corridor Option 2. Potential impacts are assessed as being of low magnitude resulting in impacts of Minor significance.

Invertebrates

9.4.34 Invertebrates are scoped out for the purposes of Stage 2 comparative assessment as there is insufficient information available at this stage to determine potential differences between impacts associated with the different options. However, construction and operation of this option could result in losses of eastern areas of St Margaret’s Marsh which is potentially of value for invertebrates.

9.4.35 As this option is substantially online, potential impacts on invertebrates elsewhere in the study area would be likely to be lower than for North Corridor Option 2.

Fish

9.4.36 There are a number of waterbodies/courses suitable for fish species close to the proposed road: Ferry Loch (NT127811), Inverkeithing North Junction Pond (NT125839), Pinkerton Burn (NT133845), Brankholm Burn (NT119838), Balbougie Burn (NT139845) and North Duloch Burn (NT139867). However this corridor could mean that little additional fragmentation of these water courses could occur as the proposed corridor is largely online with the existing A90/M90. It is possible that construction could have impacts on fish species via changes in culverting, water flow and realignment. Despite this, the majority of impacts upon fish could be temporary i.e. disturbance associated with the construction of the road such as acoustic disturbance. These impacts would be likely to be of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Reptiles

9.4.37 This route corridor option is online with the existing A90/M90 for the majority of its length and would therefore require upgrading of the existing carriageway, resulting in the loss of and disturbance to suitable verge habitat. Road verges can represent good reptile habitat and play an important role in maintaining links between different populations and habitats. Suitable reptile habitat has been identified around the Ferrytoll junction and further north where the improvements to the existing road could result in the loss of this habitat and potentially the direct mortality of reptiles present. The temporary loss of the verge habitat during construction and subsequent re-establishment of vegetation on new earthworks may also reduce the connectivity between areas of suitable habitat. These impacts are considered to be of neutral magnitude and Neutral significance.

Riparian Mammals

9.4.38 This route corridor option could mean that little additional fragmentation of suitable habitat for otters/water voles would occur as the proposed corridor is largely online with the existing A90/M90. Although there is potential for pollution events associated with construction activities, it is anticipated that the adoption of appropriate best-practice will preclude the occurrence of any such events. Consequently, the majority of impacts upon otters and water voles could be temporary i.e. disturbance associated with the construction of the road such as noise disturbance, and disturbance associated with temporary roads and traffic diversions.

9.4.39 Waterbodies/courses within 250m of the route corridor option are: Ferry Loch (NT127811), Inverkeithing North Junction Pond (NT125839), Pinkerton Burn (NT133845), Brankholm Burn (NT119838), Balbougie Burn (NT139845) and North Duloch Burn (NT139867). However these are also within 250m of the existing road and therefore new and permanent impacts on otters and water voles are expected to be minimal. With respect to otters and water voles, the impacts described would likely be of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Summary of Potential Impacts (North Corridor Option 1)

9.4.40 Table 9.6 provides a summary of potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of North Corridor Option 1.

Table 9.6: Summary of Potential Impacts - North Corridor Option 1

Ecological Receptor	Value	Potential Impact (unmitigated)
		Magnitude	Significance
Designated Sites
- St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI	National	Medium	Moderate
Habitat and Vegetation	Authority Area	High	Moderate
Amphibians	Local	Medium	Minor
Badgers	Local	Low	Minor
Bats*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Birds	National/Authority Area	Low	Minor
Invertebrates	Local	Unknown	Unknown
Fish	Local	Low	Minor
Reptiles	Local	Neutral	Neutral
Otters*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Water Voles	Regional	Low	Minor

*Group or species protected under European legislation.

North Corridor Option 2

Designated Sites

9.4.41 Increased impacts to St Margaret’s Marsh from North Corridor Option 2 compared to North Corridor Option 1 could result from loss of habitat within the eastern area of the site as well as indirect impacts associated with disturbance, potential pollution, shading and changes to hydrology of the remaining site. Mitigation options are restricted and it may be necessary to consider off-site habitat creation to compensate for the impacts. Impacts are assessed as being of medium magnitude and Major significance.

9.4.42 This corridor option could result in the potential loss of approximately 50% of the area of grassland within the northern, circular area at Fairy Kirk (an old quarry tip) of Ferry Hills SSSI. Impacts could result from direct habitat loss, disturbance, potential pollution, localised hydrological changes and loss of appropriate management regimes. Impacts to the Ferry Hills SSSI are therefore assessed as being of medium magnitude and Major significance for this corridor option.

Habitats and Vegetation

9.4.43 Similar to North Corridor Option 1, this corridor option could result in significant impacts to St Margaret’s Wood which is listed on the semi-natural woodland inventory as a long-established woodland of plantation origin and lies adjacent to the bridgehead. It should, however be noted that North Corridor Option 2 has the greatest impact resulting in the loss of approximately 27% of the woodland. Additional impacts to the remaining woodland may occur as a result of disturbance, localised hydrological changes due to changes to groundwater flows and drainage, and changes to the micro-climatic conditions of the wood. Impacts are therefore assessed as being of high magnitude which on a feature of authority area importance results in an impact of Major significance.

9.4.44 The northeastern areas of Castlandhill Woods could be lost as a result of this corridor option. Additional impacts to the remaining woodland may occur as a result of disturbance, localised hydrological changes and changes to the micro-climatic conditions of the wood. Impacts are therefore assessed as being of low magnitude which on a feature of authority area importance results in an impact of Minor significance.

9.4.45 This corridor option would pass close to an area of broadleaved woodland to the northeast of Junction 2 which is listed on the Semi-natural Woodland Inventory as Long Established Woodland of Plantation Origin. Impacts are restricted to increased disturbance and are assessed as being of neutral magnitude resulting in impacts of Neutral significance.

Amphibians

9.4.46 North Corridor Option 2 could result in the loss of additional areas of terrestrial habitat that have the potential to support amphibian populations compared to North Corridor Option 1, notably St. Margaret’s Wood. The construction and subsequent operational phase of this corridor option may increase the likelihood of the adverse impacts such as loss and degradation of habitats, mortality and fragmentation/severance of habitats. As great crested newts were only recorded remotely from this corridor option, no impacts are predicted on this species and impacts are therefore predicted to constitute a medium adverse impact of Minor significance.

Badger

9.4.47 North Corridor Option 2 is mainly offline and passes through arable farmland and woodland (St. Margaret’s Wood and Castlandhill Woods) prior to the replacement road bridge. Although no records have been forthcoming, this corridor option could result in the loss of badger setts, reduce the amount of available foraging habitat and fragment badger territories/commuting routes. Although the existing M90 already acts as a barrier to movement, this corridor option could result in the isolation of an area between the existing M90 and this route. These impacts would be likely to constitute a medium adverse impact of Minor significance.

Bats

9.4.48 Although no there are no records of the presence of bats within the study area, low adverse impacts of Minor significance could be likely at Castlandhill Woods due to habitat loss, fragmentation and disturbance associated with this route corridor option.

9.4.49 Where severance of hedgerows, watercourses and other linear features occurs there is the potential for disruption of bat flightlines and commuting corridors. The scale of these impacts cannot be predicted until the importance of the relative flightlines has been determined but due to the predominant offline nature of this corridor option and the relative paucity of such features north of the Firth of Forth, impacts are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance. Potential impacts to features used as maternity roosts cannot be fully assessed but due to the apparent lack of suitable structures impacts are assessed as being of neutral magnitude and Neutral significance.

Birds

9.4.50 Increased impacts to St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI and the extensive offline nature of this corridor option means that this is likely to have higher ornithological impacts than North Corridor Option 1. Potential impacts are however still assessed as being of low magnitude resulting in impacts of Minor significance.

Invertebrates

9.4.51 Increased impacts to St Margaret’s Marsh and Ferry Hills SSSI and the extensive offline nature of this corridor option means that this is likely to have higher impacts than for North Corridor Option 1.

Fish

9.4.52 This corridor option would require crossings over the unnamed ditch south of Masterton Junction (NT130840) and Pinkerton Burn (NT133845). The latter was reported as being heavily polluted. The unnamed ditch south of Masterton Junction may provide suitable habitat for many fish species and construction of the new route may impact upon fish populations if they occur in these areas. Further changes to watercourses fragmented by the existing road during new road construction may affect fish species via changes in culverting, water flow, and realignment. Impacts on fish species would be of medium magnitude and Minor significance.

Reptiles

9.4.53 This route corridor option is offline from the existing A90 and M90 and cuts across a predominantly arable landscape. Although there are no records for reptiles within the vicinity of this corridor option, there are areas of potential suitable reptile habitat that could be negatively impacted as part of the scheme. Suitable habitat around the Ferrytoll junction and a larger area to the southeast and northeast of the existing A90/A921 Admiralty Road junction could be impacted through habitat loss, disturbance fragmentation and direct mortality. These impacts are considered to be of low adverse magnitude and Minor significance.

Riparian Mammals

9.4.54 This route corridor option would require a crossing over the unnamed ditch south of Masterton Junction (NT130840) which may currently provide suitable habitat in terms of shelter and food for otter and water vole populations. In the absence of mitigation, this crossing could increase the risk of direct mortality due to otters attempting to cross the carriageway. Additionally, this proposed corridor lies within 250m of the Cast (NT136836), Balbougie Burn (NT139845), North Duloch Burn (NT139867), Brankholm Burn (NT119838), Ferry Loch (NT127811) and Inverkeithing North Junction Pond (NT125839). The construction of this corridor option may therefore impact upon otter and water vole populations if they occur in these areas. Assuming these species are indeed present, impacts would be likely to be of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Summary of Potential Impacts (North Corridor Option 2)

9.4.55 Table 9.7 provides a summary of potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of North Corridor Option 2.

Table 9.7: Summary of Potential Impacts - North Corridor Option 2

Ecological Receptor	Value	Potential Impact (unmitigated)
		Magnitude	Significance
Designated Sites
- St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI	National	Medium	Major
- Ferry Hill SSSI	National	Medium	Major
Terrestrial habitat
- Castlandhill Woods	Authority Area	Low	Minor
- St Margarets Wood
Amphibians	Local	Medium	Minor
Badgers	Local	Medium	Minor
Bats*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Birds	National/Authority Area	Low	Minor
Invertebrates	Local	unknown	unknown
Fish	Local	Medium	Minor
Reptiles	Local	Low	Minor
Otters*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Water Voles	Regional	Low	Minor

*Group or species protected under European legislation.

Southern Route Corridor Options

Impacts Common to Both Southern Route Corridor Options

Designated Sites

9.4.56 Both southern route corridor options would result in impacts to the Port Edgar SINC. Construction of the proposed scheme would result in the loss and severance of areas of intertidal, coastal and terrestrial woodland habitats, disturbance, shading and potential pollution to freshwater and marine environs. Mitigation options are restricted and impacts are therefore assessed as being of low to high magnitude and Moderate to Major significance.

Bats

9.4.57 Potential impacts associated with the proposed launching structures may result in the loss of bat roosts but cannot be assessed at this stage due to a lack of information but would be common to both corridor options.

Birds

9.4.58 The two southern route corridor options link to the proposed replacement bridge via a structure from west of South Queensferry. Birds move freely between this section of the foreshore and the Blackness Bay SSSI to the west. Construction is therefore likely to impact upon waders and wildfowl via disturbance to their feeding habitats and disturbance to flight lines; many of the species using this area are of national and international importance.

Invertebrates

9.4.59 The two southern route corridor options pass predominantly through areas of intensively managed farmland considered to be of limited value for invertebrate species. Impacts are, therefore, assessed as being of negligible magnitude and Neutral significance due to the extensive nature and poor quality of the affected habitats. There is, however, variability regarding the extent of losses of semi-natural habitat between the two route corridor options and this has been identified where appropriate.

Fish

9.4.60 Both route corridor options would result in direct impacts to fish populations which inhabit/migrate through the north of Linn Mill Burn due to fragmentation and loss of suitable habitats; Linn Mill Burn is a tributary of the Firth of Forth.

Reptiles

9.4.61 Both proposed southern route corridor options follow the same corridor heading south between the proposed replacement bridge and A904 before diverging after this point. In this common section, the impacts of the route corridor options are predicted to be the same. Immediately south of the proposed crossing is a small area of potential reptile habitat that appears to comprise of rough grassland, scrub and woodland planting. Both southern route corridor options could result in the loss of habitat, fragmentation of habitat, disturbance and potential direct mortality of reptiles in this area during the construction of the scheme. Furthermore, the operational road could create a barrier to reptile dispersal. These impacts are considered to be of negligible magnitude and Neutral significance as suitable reptile habitat would remain to the west.

South Corridor Option 1

Designated Sites

9.4.62 This corridor option could result in direct habitat loss and fragmentation to Dundas Hill SINC as it will clip the top of the area. Impacts resulting from habitat loss, in addition to disturbance and pollution could occur and therefore are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

9.4.63 This corridor option may also result in increased disturbance to Lindsay’s Craigs SINC with impacts assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Habitats and Vegetation

9.4.64 Both southern route corridor options would pass predominantly through arable fields with species poor and fragmented hedgerows. The offline section of South Corridor Option 1 is shorter than that for South Corridor Option 2 and impacts on these features are reduced in terms of scale when compared to South Corridor Option 2 and are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Amphibians

9.4.65 South Corridor Option 1 could result in the loss of small areas of woodland and hedgerows that may support amphibians, although to date no great crested newts have been recorded within 500m of South Corridor Option 1 as part of Stage 3 surveys currently underway. The construction and subsequent unmitigated operational phase of this option may increase the likelihood of adverse impacts such as loss and degradation of habitats, mortality and fragmentation/severance of habitats. Impacts are therefore predicted to constitute a medium adverse impact of Minor significance.

Badgers

9.4.66 This option could result in the loss of arable farmland and associated features such as hedgerows to the west and south of South Queensferry. These areas may provide suitable habitat for foraging and sett building. Additionally, this route corridor option unmitigated may cause severance to badger territories, which could increase competition between neighbouring badger clans and increase the frequency of badger road traffic accident. These impacts could constitute a medium adverse impact of Minor significance.

Bats

9.4.67 The offline section of this route corridor option is shorter than that for South Corridor Option 2 but would result in direct habitat loss and potential fragmentation issues associated with Dundas Hill woodlands. Although no records are available the loss and potential fragmentation associated with the woodlands and adjacent fields to foraging and commuting bats is assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Birds

9.4.68 There is insufficient information available at this stage to determine potential impacts associated with this corridor option. However, the offline section of this route corridor option is shorter than that for South Corridor Option 2 which would result in limited impacts to intensively farmed arable fields although there would be direct losses of woodland at Dundas Hill.

Invertebrates

9.4.69 As above there would be limited impacts to areas of semi-natural habitat due to the impacts being predominantly restricted to poor quality habitat.

Fish

9.4.70 Potential impacts are likely to be those associated with Linn Mill Burn and impacts are assessed as being of medium magnitude and Minor significance.

Reptiles

9.4.71 South of the A904, this route corridor option turns east and links up with the existing A90. The habitat here does not appear to be suitable for reptiles as it is predominantly open arable fields with few features of potential value to reptiles. Therefore impacts associated with this route corridor option are considered to have a magnitude of no change when compared to the ‘do minimum’ scenario and be of Neutral significance.

Riparian Mammals

9.4.72 Construction of the road is likely to directly impact upon otter populations at the north of Linn Mill Burn due to the fragmentation and loss of suitable habitats. Echline/Scotstoun Junction lies within 250m of two waterbodies, less than 100m from an unnamed pond on the outskirts of Kirkliston and an unnamed watercourse which runs parallel to the existing road. Consequently, construction of this junction may cause disturbance to otter and water vole populations but is not expected to fragment existing habitats. With respect to otters and water voles, impacts of the construction of this route corridor option are likely to be of medium magnitude and Moderate significance.

Summary of Potential Impacts (South Corridor Option 1)

9.4.73 Table 9.8 provides a summary of potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of South Corridor Option 1.

Table 9.8: Summary of Potential Impacts - South Corridor Option 1

Ecological Receptor	Value	Potential Impact (unmitigated)
		Magnitude	Significance
Designated Sites
- Port Edgar SINC	Authority Area	High	Major
- Dundas Hil SINC	Authority Area	Low	Minor
- Lindsay’s Craigs SINC	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Terrestrial Habitat	Local	Low	Minor
Amphibians	Local	Medium	Minor
Badgers	Local	Medium	Minor
Bats*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Birds	International/local	Unknown	Unknown
Invertebrates	Local	Unknown	Unknown
Fish	Local	Medium	Minor
Reptiles	Local	Neutral	Neutral
Otters*	Authority Area	Medium	Moderate
Water Voles	Regional	Medium	Moderate

*Group or species protected under European legislation.

South Corridor Option 2

Habitat and Vegetation

9.4.74 South Corridor Option 2 passes predominantly through arable fields with species-poor and fragmented hedgerows. It would, however, pass between Swineburn/Muiriehall Wood complex and Carmelhill Wood and there may be limited direct habitat impacts to these areas as well as indirect impacts including fragmentation, disturbance, localised hydrological changes and changes to the micro-climatic conditions of the wood. Parts of the woodland areas are identified on the Ancient Woodland Inventory as Long Established Woodland of Plantation Origin and comprises broadleaved woodland plantation. This option may also result in losses of open water and associated habitats in this area. Impacts are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

9.4.75 Ross’s Plantation could be affected by the proposed junction associated with this option. There may be limited direct habitat impacts to this feature as well as indirect impacts including disturbance, localised hydrological changes due to changes to surface water drainage and the water table and changes to the micro-climatic conditions of the wood. The woodland is identified on the Ancient Woodland Inventory with the affected area recorded as coniferous plantation with adjacent areas recorded as broadleaved woodland plantation by the previously undertaken Phase 1 Habitat Survey. Impacts are assessed as being of low magnitude and Minor significance.

Amphibians

9.4.76 South Corridor Option 2 could result in the loss of terrestrial habitat that may support amphibians, notably Muiriehall Wood and Ross Plantation. In addition, there is a great crested newt population approximately 500m to the east of the route corridor near Dundas Castle which has been confirmed during Stage 3 surveys currently underway. Due to the distance of this corridor option from the recorded great crested newt population, impacts are assessed as constituting a low adverse impact of Minor significance.

Badgers

9.4.77 South Corridor Option 2 is offline to the west of South Queensferry travelling southwards to where it connects with the M9 near Junction 1A. The footprint of the corridor could result in the loss of arable farmland and associated features such as hedgerows. In addition, the M9 junction could result in adverse impacts in relation to Swineburn Wood, Muiriehall Wood and Ross’s Plantation. These areas may be suitable badger foraging and sett building habitat. Additionally the route corridor option may potentially cause severance to badger territories, which could increase competition between neighbouring badger clans and increase the frequency of badger road traffic accidents (RTAs). These impacts could be likely to constitute medium magnitude impacts of Minor significance.

Bats

9.4.78 Although no records have been obtained relating to bats within these areas, the fragmentation of Swineburn and Muiriehall Woods from Carmelhill Wood is likely to be a moderate magnitude impact of Moderate significance, due to the severance of foraging and potential roosting habitat. Fragmentation of possible roost sites at Westfield Farm and Westmuir Riding Centre from potential foraging areas to the east is considered to be of low adverse magnitude and Minor significance since suitable alternative foraging areas to the west remain. This route corridor option could also result in the fragmentation of Swine Burn, which has the potential to serve as an important commuting corridor/foraging route for bats, in particular Daubenton’s.

Birds

9.4.79 There is insufficient information available at this stage to confirm differences between impacts associated with the different route corridor options although when compared to South Corridor Option 1, this corridor option would result in increased impacts to woodland and open water, open field and hedgerow habitats potentially supporting breeding and wintering birds.

Invertebrates

9.4.80 There is insufficient information available at this stage to determine potential differences between impacts associated with the different route corridor options. As above, however there would be increased impacts to areas of semi-natural habitat due to the predominant offline nature of this corridor option.

Fish

9.4.81 In addition to the impacts predicted to Linn Mill Burn, this route corridor option crosses Swine Burn in two places which could result in habitat loss and fragmentation as well as other potential impacts such as changes in flow and, pollution incidents. Impacts on fish for this corridor option are assessed as being of medium magnitude and Minor significance.

Reptiles

9.4.82 This corridor option would link the proposed replacement bridge with the existing M9 to the west of M9 Junction 1A. No impacts that could adversely affect local reptile populations are predicted from the A904 south to Swineburn, as the habitat crossed by South Corridor Option 2 in this section is heavily arable with no suitable field edges or hedgerows that might support reptiles. South of Swineburn, the route corridor passes adjacent to Humbie Reservoir, before crossing a railway and minor road and then joining the existing M9. This could result in the loss of suitable habitat along the M9 verge as it is modified to accommodate the new route. This option could also increase fragmentation in the area by creating a barrier between suitable habitat to the immediate east and west. The magnitude of impacts in this area are predicted to be low and of Minor significance.

Riparian Mammals

9.4.83 The proposed corridor runs parallel to Linn Mill Burn (NT107774), which at some points could be approximately 100m from the road cuttings. At the mouth of the burn, the proposed embankments could directly affect the burn, which may impact upon otter and water vole populations through habitat loss and noise disturbance during construction.

9.4.84 Swineburn disused quarry (NT097759) is immediately adjacent to South Corridor Option 2. This area is a commercial fishery so it is likely that otters could be present. South Corridor Option 2 also passes directly through Swine Burn in two places which could mean loss of bankside vegetation as well as habitat fragmentation. Construction noise may also affect otters (especially during the breeding season) and mortalities on the new section of road may also occur. The proposed corridor is also less than 100m from an unnamed pond on the outskirts of Kirkliston; this pond is already less than 100m from the existing road therefore only impacts associated with the construction of the proposed road are expected. With respect to otters, the impacts described for South Corridor Option 2 could be likely to be of medium magnitude and Moderate significance. For water voles, impacts of low magnitude and Minor significance are predicted.

Summary of Potential Impacts (South Corridor Option 2)

9.4.85 The following table provides a summary of potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of South Corridor Option 2.

Table 9.9: Summary of Potential Impacts - South Corridor Option 2

Ecological Receptor	Value	Potential Impact (unmitigated)
		Magnitude	Significance
Designated Sites
- Port Edgar SINC	Authority Area	High	Moderate
Terrestrial Habitat	Local	Low	Minor
- Swineburn/Muiriehall Wood complex and Carmelhill Wood	Local	Low	Minor
- Ross’s Plantation	Local	Low	Minor
Amphibians	National/local	Low	Minor
Badgers	Local	Medium	Minor
Bats*	Authority Area	Low	Minor
Birds	International-local	Unknown	Unknown
Invertebrates	Local	Unknown	Unknown
Fish	Local	Medium	Minor
Reptiles	Local	Low	Minor
Otters*	Authority Area	Medium	Moderate
Water Voles	Regional	Low	Minor

*Group or species protected under European legislation.

9.5 Potential Mitigation

9.5.1 Where potential adverse impacts have been identified, measures may be required to avoid the impacts or to mitigate for their effects (i.e. reduce the impact significance). The nature and scale of mitigation works required could be appropriate to the significance of the impact concerned.

9.5.2 At DMRB Stage 2 assessment of route corridor options, the detailed design has not been developed, and mitigation detail therefore cannot be confirmed. The objective of this section is therefore to identify anticipated ‘standard’ or ‘generic’ mitigation taking into account best practice, legislation and guidance. This mitigation is taken into account in the subsequent identification of likely residual impacts in Section 9.6, to provide a robust basis for comparative assessment and selection of a preferred route corridor option to be taken forward to Stage 3.

9.5.3 Generic mitigation for adverse impacts associated with the proposed scheme is likely to include:

• creation of woodland areas to mitigate for habitat loss using locally-sourced native species where possible;
• creation of species-rich grasslands on new verges and embankments and the instigation of appropriate management regimes;
• sympathetic design of culverts, underpasses and bridges to allow passage by fauna and thus reduce fragmentation impacts;
• installation of mammal fencing where necessary to help prevent mortality due to traffic; and
• new attenuation ponds and drainage ditches designed to treat road runoff and as such reduce ecological impacts.

9.5.4 All ecological mitigation measures will be proposed and designed in accordance with DMRB guidance, Volume 10 (The Highways Agency et al., 1993).

9.6 Summary of Route Corridor Options Assessment

Northern Route Corridor Options

North Corridor Option 1

9.6.1 The northern corridor option with least ecological impact is North Corridor Option 1. This corridor option is predominantly online and although there may be limited impacts to Ferry Hills SSSI, these are associated with the geological rather than the ecological element of it. Impacts resulting from both corridor options could occur at St Margaret’s SSSI although this option could result in the least direct impact. As previously discussed, impacts to other species and groups would be limited due to the online nature of North Corridor Option 1.

North Corridor Option 2

9.6.2 North Corridor Option 2 results in greater direct habitat loss within St Margaret’s Marsh SSSI and through the northern component of the Ferry Hills SSSI and would result in the loss of grassland within this area. In addition, the predominantly offline nature of much of this option increases the potential for impacts on species such as reptiles for which there are little available data.

9.6.3 Impacts on the Ferry Hills SSSI are assessed as being of Major significance for North Corridor Option 2. Impacts to Castlandhill Woods could result in the loss of woodland habitats of potential value for bats and breeding birds. Impacts on this feature have been evaluated as being of Minor significance for this option.

9.6.4 Impacts to watercourses from North Corridor Option 2 may result in fragmentation and direct habitat loss as well as consequent impacts on riparian mammals. These impacts are assessed as being of Moderate significance.

Southern Route Corridor Options

South Corridor Option 1

9.6.5 The southern corridor option with lowest overall ecological impact is South Corridor Option 1 as it is offline for a relatively shorter length than South Corridor Option 2 although it would result in impacts to Dundas Hill SINC. This option would also result in reduced fragmentation issues. Disturbance to Dundas Hill SINC and Lindsay’s Craigs SINC could also result from this option, however these impacts are assessed as being of Minor significance.

9.6.6 The offline sections of South Corridor Option 1 could pass through large arable fields with species-poor and fragmented hedgerows of low ecological value and impacts could therefore be of limited significance to habitat and associated species such as breeding birds, reptiles and red squirrels.

South Corridor Option 2

9.6.7 South Corridor Option 2 could result in the fragmentation of the Swineburn, Muiriehall and Carmelhill woodland complex with potential impacts to bats and birds. These impacts have been assessed as being of Minor significance. Disturbance to Lindsay’s Craigs SINC and potential impacts to Ross’s Plantation could also result from this option and are assessed as being of Minor and Neutral significance, respectively.

9.6.8 South Corridor Option 2 would pass predominantly through large arable fields with species-poor and fragmented hedgerows of low ecological value and impacts could therefore be of limited significance to habitat and associated species such as breeding birds, reptiles and red squirrels. In addition to the impacts to Linn Mill Burn, Swine Burn could be crossed twice by this corridor option with potential impacts to otters and water voles.

9.7 Scope of Stage 3 Assessment

9.7.1 The Stage 3 Assessment of ecological impacts of the preferred corridor will be undertaken according to DMRB, Volume 11, Section 3, Part 4 taking cognisance of publications / best practice standards including seasonal constraints, in addition to sources of survey methods as prescribed by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management. The assessment will be based on the following steps:

• Further consultations with statutory and non-statutory bodies to establish the existence of new and/or updated ecological data relating to the survey area and, where appropriate to confirm acceptance the approach being undertaken (e.g. SNH).
• Review and assessment of the results of field surveys undertaken for the following:

i. bat roost potential and activity;
ii. badgers;
iii. breeding and wintering birds;
iv. detailed botanical surveys;
v. fish;
vi. great crested newts;
vii. hedgerow surveys;
viii. invertebrates – aquatic and terrestrial;
ix. red squirrels;
x. reptiles;
xi. otters; and
xii. water voles.

• Input to the design of the proposed scheme including incorporation of mitigation as required, such as specification of culverts, mammal fencing, and requirements for replacement habitat

9.7.2 In addition to Stage 3 assessment, the potential impacts on the Firth of Forth SPA and Forth Islands SPA will need to be considered under the terms of Regulation 48(1) of ‘The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994’. An ’Information to Inform an Appropriate Assessment’ (IIAA) document will therefore be prepared and submitted to the competent authority.

9.8 References

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