Appendices
Appendix A - Scientific papers reporting Project PRIME results
Stedmon, A.W., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., and Wilson, S. (2021). Safeguarding motorcyclists: Trialling new PRIME road markings for casualty reduction. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour 83(2021), 333-350
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., and Wilson, S. (2022). Safer road users: Investigating the influence of PRIME road markings on motorcycle rider behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour 83(2021), 368-385
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2023). PRIME road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction. In, D. Golightly, N. Balfe, and R. Charles (eds) Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2023, Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 64-72
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2024). Participatory ergonomics: The design of PRIME road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction. In, D. Golightly, N. Balfe, and R. Charles (eds) Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2023, Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors.
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2024). Project PRIME: Road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction (an overview of findings from 2020 to 2022). Ergonomics, 1-16.
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Geddes, S., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. (2025b). Evaluating a new road sign and traffic markings for motorcycle safety on untreated roads. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251389489
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Geddes, S., Wilson, S., Mackay, M., and Tait, V. (2026). Vulnerable road users: investigating the influence of new road markings on motorcycle rider behaviour. Advances in Transportation Studies: An International Journal, 68(2026), 147-166.
Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M., and Geddes, S. (2024b). Participatory Ergonomics: The Design of PRIME Road Markings for Motorcycle Casualty Reduction. In, D. Golightly, N. Balfe, and R. Charles (2024). Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2024. The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors: UK.
Appendix B – Project PRIME trial site details
2020 sites
|
Site & Road |
Bend direction |
Location (What3words) |
|---|---|---|
|
Left |
tasks.crunching.race |
|
|
Left |
clots.fallback.warned |
|
|
Right |
kipper.smirking.expose |
|
|
Left |
bound.fond.grandest |
|
|
Left |
funnels.vanish.snowstorm |
|
|
Right |
stand.magic.pollution |
|
|
Right |
reserve.importing.liberty |
|
|
Left |
gates.equipment.rocks |
|
|
Right |
shuttle.conquests.takers |
|
|
Left |
lawfully.buckling.heap |
2021 sites
|
Site & Road |
Bend direction |
Location (What3words) |
|---|---|---|
|
Left |
goodbye.cherry.seeing |
|
|
Left |
arch.admires.flashback |
|
|
Left |
dearest.reclusive.manual |
|
|
Left |
brimmed.moral.dives |
|
|
Left |
finally.universes.choice |
|
|
Left |
ballots.narrowest.conveys |
2022 sites
|
Site & Road |
Bend direction |
Location (What3words) |
|---|---|---|
|
Left |
loaf.deed.alpha |
|
|
Left |
tango.regularly.robe |
|
|
Left |
puzzled.applied.novelists |
|
|
Left |
friday.targeted.height |
|
|
Left |
draw.snapping.decimals |
|
|
Left |
fearfully.hike.magnets |
2023 sites
|
Landrick |
Left |
fruitcake.photo.tried |
|
|
Strathyre |
Left |
thuds.massaged.delusions |
|
|
Glenogle |
Left |
young.overruns.eyeliner |
|
|
Mid Lix |
Left |
enjoys.sits.deodorant |
|
|
Dalkenneth |
Left |
manly.foal.bookshelf |
|
|
West Lodge |
Left |
fluid.conspired.soaps |
2024 sites
|
Dalmally |
Right |
loitering.incisions.burst |
|
|
Strone Hill |
Right |
cobbled.armed.enclosing |
|
|
Clifton |
Right |
orbited.puff.outsiders |
|
|
Ardveich House |
Right |
sweetener.justifies.dote |
|
|
Dunira East |
Right |
adults.animated.cyclones |
|
|
Dalchonzie |
Right |
ribcage.harder.chickens |
2025 sites
|
Butterbridge East |
Right |
explores.stages.detonated |
|
|
Butterbridge |
Left |
puzzled.applied.novelists |
|
|
Loch Lubhair East |
Left |
funnels.vanish.snowstorm |
|
|
Rob Roy’s Dip East 1 |
Right |
shuttle.conquests.takers |
|
|
Rob Roy’s Dip East 2 |
Left |
lawfully.buckling.heap |
|
|
Dalkenneth |
Left |
manly.foal.bookshelf |
Appendix C – Project PRIME trial site characteristics
| Site characteristics (Speed - Gradient - Approach) | (Location) | Speed limit (mph) | 85th% percentile speed range (mph) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Slow downhill from a bend | Appin House North | 60 | 40.5 |
| Slow downhill from a straight | Runacraig North | 60 | 41.3 |
| Slow flat from a bend | Pulpit Rock | 50 | 40.7 |
| Slow flat from a bend | Loch Lubhair West (RH) | 60 | 42.7 (RH) |
| n/a | Dalkenneth | 50 | 40.7 |
| Slow flat from a straight | Rob Roys Dip East (RH) | 60 | 47.1 (RH) |
| Slow flat from a straight | Dunira | 60 | 47.9 |
| Slow uphill from a bend | Bonawe | 60 | 42.9 |
| Slow uphill from a straight | Runacraig South | 60 | 40.7 |
| Slow uphill from a straight | Inveruglas | 50 | 40.8 |
| Fast downhill from a bend | Rob Roys Dip East | 60 | 51.6 |
| Fast downhill from a bend | Rob Roys Dip West (RH) | 60 | 53.2 (RH) |
| Fast downhill from a straight | Dailnamac | 60 | 49.7 |
| Fast downhill from a straight | Butterbridge | 60 | 55.9 |
| Fast flat from a bend | Loch Lubhair East | 60 | 53.7 |
| Fast flat from a straight | Salmon Draft North | 60 | 52.6 |
| Fast flat from a straight | Appin House South | 60 | 52.8 |
| Fast flat from a straight | Salmon Draft South | 60 | 53.7 |
| Fast flat from a straight | Kingshouse South | 60 | 63.9 |
| n/a | Butterbridge East | 60 | 57.1 |
| Fast uphill from a bend | Middle Kames | 60 | 50.7 |
| Fast uphill from a bend | Rob Roys Dip west | 60 | 51.6 |
| Fast uphill from a straight | Taynuilt | 60 | 53.1 |
| Fast uphill from a straight | Kingshouse North (RH) | 60 | 59.7 (RH) |
RH = Right hand bend
Appendix D – Project PRIME trial site results
Key
- Sig – statistically significant results for behaviour change observed
- Trend – trends in the data observed (i.e. not statistically significant but almost)
- N/A – no behaviour change was observed
2020
| Site | Speed | Position at PRIME | Position at Apex | Braking | Use of Gateway |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appin House north | N/A | Sig | N/A | N/A | Trend |
| Appin House south | Sig | Sig | Sig | Trend | Sig |
| Kingshouse north | Trend | Sig | N/A | N/A | Sig |
| Kingshouse south | N/A | Sig | Sig | Trend | N/A |
| Loch Lubhair east | N/A | Sig | Sig | Sig/Trend | Sig |
| Loch Lubhair west | Sig | Sig | Sig | Sig | Sig |
| Rob Roy's Dip east 1 | N/A | Sig | N/A | Trend | Sig |
| Rob Roy's Dip east 2 | N/A | Sig | Sig | Trend | Sig |
| Rob Roy's Dip west 1 | Sig | Sig | Sig | Trend | Sig |
| Rob Roy's Dip west 2 | Sig | Sig | Sig | Trend | Sig |
2021
| Site | Speed | Position at PRIME | Position at Apex | Braking | Use of Gateway |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taynuilt | Sig | N/A | Sig | Trend | Sig |
| Inveruglas | Trend | Trend | Sig | Sig | Trend |
| Runacraig - north | Sig | Trend | N/A | N/A | Sig |
| Runacraig - south | Sig | Trend | N/A | Sig | Sig |
| Dunira | Sig | Sig | Sig | Sig/Trend | Sig |
| Bonawe | Sig | N/A | Trend | Trend | Trend |
| Landrick Bends | no effect | no effect | no effect | Trend | no effect |
2022
| Site | Speed | Position at PRIME | Position at Apex | Braking | Use of Gateway |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dailnamac | N/A | Sig | Sig | Sig/Trend | Sig |
| Pulpit Rock | N/A | N/A | Sig | Sig/Trend | Sig |
| Butterbridge | N/A | Sig | N/A | Trend | Sig |
| Middle Kames | Trend | Sig | N/A | Sig | Sig |
| Salmon Draft - north | Sig | N/A | N/A | Sig/Trend | Sig |
| Salmon Draft - south | Trend | Sig | Sig | N/A | Sig |
| Carrick | no effect | no effect | no effect | no effect | no effect |
2023
| Site |
Speed |
Position at PRIME |
Position at Apex |
Braking |
Use of Gateway |
|
Landrick |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Strathyre |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Glenogle |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
|
Mid Lix |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Dalkenneth |
Trend |
Trend |
Sig |
Trend |
Sig |
|
West Lodge |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
|
Lawers lodge* |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
2024
|
Site |
Speed |
Position at PRIME |
Position at Apex |
Braking |
Use of Gateway |
|
Dalmally |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Strone Hill |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Clifton |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Ardveich House |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Dunira East |
Sig |
Sig |
Trend |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Dalchonzie |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Tullybannocher* |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
2025 (5 PRIME markings)
|
Site |
Speed |
Position at PRIME |
Position at Apex |
Braking |
Use of Gateway |
|
Butterbridge - revisited from 2022 |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
Sig |
|
Butterbridge – East |
Trend |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Loch Lubhair - revisited from 2020 |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
|
Rob Roy’s Dip - East 1 revisited from 2020 |
No effect |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig** |
Sig |
|
Rob Roy’s Dip - East 2 revisited from 2020 |
Sig |
Sig |
Sig |
No effect |
Sig |
|
Dalkenneth – revisited from 2023 |
Trend |
Trend |
Sig |
Trend |
Sig |
|
Tullybannocher* |
Trend*** |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
No effect |
Overall, findings indicated that the effects observed at sites with 5 pairs of PRIME markings did not significantly differ from the effects observed at sites with 3 PRIME markings.
Appendix E – PRIME design and installation flow chart
Appendix F – PRIME traffic sign design and dimensions
Appendix G – PRIME road marking design and dimensions
(A higher-res version of this diagram is available as a PDF from the contents page of this publication)
