Article 2: Contributory Factors

Reported Road Casualties Scotland 2017

Article 2: Contributory Factors

Article 2. Contributory factors to reported road accidents

Summary

This article describes the scope and limitations of the information on contributory factors collected as part of the road accident reporting system and presents Scottish results from the eleventh year of collection.

  • Driver/rider errors or reactions were reported in 65 per cent of all reported accidents with failed to look properly the most common type (involved in 33%).
  • Travelling too fast for the conditions or excessive speed was reported in 10% of all reported accidents and 23% of fatal accidents.
  • Pedestrian only factors were reported in 14% of fatal accidents whilst loss of control and failed to look properly were the most frequently reported driver/rider factors (involved in 44% and 28% of fatal accidents respectively).

1. Introduction

1.1 From 2005, all police forces across Great Britain reported contributory factors as part of the stats19 collection. These were developed to provide insight into why and how road accidents occur. Their aim is to help identify the key actions and failures that led directly to the actual impact: to aid investigation of how it might have been prevented. Care should always be taken when interpreting the factors as they:

  • reflect the reporting officer's opinion at the time of reporting the accident (or the opinion of a person whose duties include deciding which CFs should be recorded based on the officer's report).
  • are based on the information which was available at that time, so may not be the result of subsequent extensive investigation (indeed, subsequent enquiries could result in the reporting officer's opinion changing).

1.2 A reporting office attending the scene of a road accident may select up to 6 contributory factors (from a list of 77) to assign to that accident. Multiple factors may be listed against any participant or vehicles in the accident, (therefore percentages in the tables provided may not sum to 100).

1.3 Because of this, analysis of contributory factor information requires careful consideration; figures will differ depending on the focus of the analysis. Care should be taken when interpreting tables provided here which consider different aspects of the data (i.e. accidents, vehicles/participants, casualties and frequencies).

1.4 This article presents analysis from accidents in Scotland reported to the police in 2014, with the following background note describing the collection of the contributory factor system in more detail.

1.5 Note that most tables are by individual contributory factor so care needs to be taken when carrying out analysis. Adding together numbers for individual contributory factors will result in some double counting e.g. some accidents will have 'exceeding speed limit' and 'driving too fast for the conditions' recorded as a factor.

2. Accidents

Categories

2.2 Each of the 77 contributory factors fits into one of nine categories. Figure 11 shows the percentage of accidents reported to the police with associated contributory factors in each these categories.

  • Driver/rider error was the most frequently reported category for each type of severity of accident and was reported in 65 per cent of accidents reported to the police).
  • Pedestrian contributory factors (where the factor has been attributed to an injured or uninjured pedestrian involved in the accident), were reported in 13 per cent of reported accidents, rising to 18 per cent of fatal accidents.
  • Injudicious action (including travelling too fast for conditions, following too close or exceeding speed limit) was involved in 18 per cent of all reported accidents, increasing to 22 per cent of fatal accidents.
  • Road environment factors were reported in 16 per cent of reported accidents.

Figure 11: Contributory factor type: Reported accidents by severity, 2017

Figure 11: Contributory factor type: Reported accidents by severity, 2017

Factors

2.3 On average there were more than two contributory factors listed per reported accident with more factors recorded for fatal accidents and fewer for slight accidents. Table M shows the numbers (and percentages) of reported accidents in which each contributory factor was reported.

  • Failed to look properly was the most frequently reported contributory factor, involved in 32 per cent of all reported accidents. This was followed by failed to judge other person's path/speed (19%), loss of control and Careless/reckless or in a hurry ( both 15%). Slippery road (10%) and poor turn/manoeuvre (12%), were also in the top six.
  • Travelling too fast for the conditions or excessive speed was reported in 10% of all reported accidents and 17% of fatal accidents (Note that the individual percentages for each of these factors cannot simply be added together to obtain combined totals.)
  • For fatal accidents, loss of control was the most frequently reported driver/rider factor involved in 36% of accidents. Failed to look properly was reported in 21%, careless / reckless /in a hurry in (15%), failed to judge other persons path/speed and poor turn or manoeuvre in 10%. Pedestrian failed to look properly and pedestrian failed to judge vehicles path or speed were involved in 10% and 7% of fatal accidents respectively.

2.4 Table M also shows how the incidence of some CFs varies with the severity of the accident. For example: loss of control is cited in 15% of all accidents for which CFs were recorded but 36% of fatal accidents; slippery road due to weather is cited in 10% of all accidents but 3% of fatal ones; failed to look properly is cited in 32% of all accidents but 21% of fatal ones and exceeding speed limit is cited in 3% of all accidents but 12% of fatal ones.

2.5 Note that repeats of the same contributory factor within an accident are excluded from the table however an accident will appear more than once if more than one different contributory factor is reported.

Changes over time

2.6 Table N compares the top 10 contributory factors listed in 2017 against previous years. The ten factors remained the same in all five years, though the order and frequency changed over the 11 years of collection. The most frequently recorded factor, failed to look properly is associated with a larger proportion of accidents in 2017 than when the CF system was introduced in 2005.

2.7 It's not currently possible to identify whether changes are a result of reporting officers developing their understanding of the new system or a genuine change in the kinds of factors contributing to accidents reported to the police.

3. Vehicle & pedestrians

3.1 Table O shows the number and percentage of vehicles assigned each type of contributory factor (for each vehicle involved in an accident reported to the police). Table P shows this for pedestrians only.

3.2 Tables O & P show that:

  • Failed to look properly was the most frequently reported factor both overall (reported in 18% of all vehicles' factors), and for every vehicle except motorcyclists.
  • Loss of control (24%) was the most commonly reported factor for motorcyclists.
  • Failed to judge other person's path/speed was the second most common factor reported for cars or taxis (12%).
  • Failed to judge other person's speed was the second most common factor associated with cyclists (associated with 6% of bicycles).
  • Failed to judge other person's speed/path was the second most common factor reported for good vehicles (reported in 13%).
  • Travelling too fast for the conditions was associated with a total of 4% of all vehicles involved in reported accidents.
  • Pedestrians involved in accidents were most likely to have failed to look properly as an associated contributory factor (recorded in 49% of all pedestrian accidents), followed by careless/reckless or in a hurry (20%), failed to judge vehicle speed/path (15%), crossed road masked by stationary/parked vehicle (13%) and impaired by alcohol (10%).

3.3 Table O also shows that many contributory factors were rarely recorded for most vehicles, for example:

  • loss of control was recorded for 24% of motorcycles but only 1% of vehicles in the bus/coach/minibus grouping;
  • sudden braking was recorded for 11% of buses but for only 3% of all vehicles involved.

3.4 On average, fewer contributory factors were recorded for pedal cycles (an average of 0.75 per cycle involved in a reported accident) and bus or coaches (an average e of 0.55), compared to an overall average of 1.04 factors per vehicles.

3.5 Note that percentages differ from Tables M & N which presents the percentage of accidents with each contributory factor. As more than one vehicle may be involved in an accident, the average number of factors associated with an individual vehicle is generally lower.

Pairing of factors

3.6 Table Q shows the most frequent pairs of contributory factors assigned to the same reported road accident participant in 2017.

  • The most frequently-occurring combination is driver/rider failed to look properly + (driver/rider) failed to judge other person's path/speed, which was recorded on 511 occasions.
  • As would be expected, the CFs identified (earlier) as most frequent to appear in several of the most frequently-occurring combinations – for example, (driver/rider) failed to look properly occurs in the first three of the most frequently-occurring combinations.

3.7 However, the numbers indicate that even the most frequently-occurring combination of CFs arose in only a small proportion of all accidents.

4 Casualties

4.1 Tables R & S show the number (and percentage) of fatal and seriously injured casualties involved in accidents where each contributory factor was reported. Unsurprisingly the pattern is similar to that seen in Tables M & N showing the number of accidents with each factor reported. Comparison shows that accidents with pedestrian only factors reported had lower numbers of casualties per accident.

4.2 Note a casualty will appear in the tables against each (unique) factor associated with the accident (resulting in the casualty) and therefore may appear more than once. As with the accident tables, repeats of the same contributory factor within an accident are excluded.

Fatalities

4.3 Table R shows the Contributory Factors associated with the largest numbers of deaths were:

  • loss of control – 55 deaths (representing 38% of all deaths in accidents for which CFs were recorded);
  • (driver/rider) failed to look properly – 29 deaths (20%);
  • (driver/rider) careless / reckless /in a hurry - 22 deaths (15% of fatalities) ;
  • Exceeding the speed limit – 20 deaths (14%);
  • (driver/rider) poor turn or manoeuvre - 18 deaths (13%);
  • Failed to judge other persons path/speed (driver/rider )– 18 deaths (13%);
  • Swerved – 16 deaths (11%)

Seriously injured

4.4 Table S shows the CFs associated with the largest numbers of serious injured were:

  • (driver/rider) failed to look properly – 396 serious injuries (representing 27% of all serious injuries in accidents for which CFs were recorded) ;
  • loss of control – 333 serious injuries (22%);
  • (driver/rider) careless / reckless / in a hurry – 250 (17%);
  • failed to judge other person's path/speed– 218 (15%);
  • poor turn or manoeuvre– 196 (13%);
  • pedestrian failed to look properly – 174 (12%)

5 Overall frequencies of recording

5.1 In 2017 at least one contributory factor was recorded in 99.9% of reported accidents where a police officer attended the scene (6,084) - there were 6 accidents without a contributory factor. A total of 12,555 factors were recorded, resulting in an average of 2.1 factors per accident.

5.2 Around 88% (11,086) of all factors listed were related to vehicles (and their drivers/rider) and the road environment. Around 11% (1,423) were related to pedestrians who were casualties. Relatively few were uninjured pedestrians (46 or 0.4%).

5.3 Table T presents a ranking of all 77 factors by the frequency of reporting in 2017. (Note that figures differ from earlier tables as repeats of factors within the same accident are counted). It is apparent that some CFs are not used often – for example, many were used fewer than 100 times.

5.4 Note that data relating to all reported CFs were used to produce Tables O to T. In cases where the same CF applies to more than one vehicle in the same accident, it is counted once for each of them. These tables therefore differ from Tables M & N (which exclude repeats of the same CF within an accident).

Possible vs. Very likely

5.5 Reporting officers record whether it was thought very likely or just possible that a factor contributed to the occurrence of the accident. Table T also shows how often each CF was described as very likely, and how often as possible.

5.6 Overall, almost two thirds of CFs (60%) were described as very likely, but the percentage varied markedly between different CFs. Excluding those used fewer than 100 times, the following were described as very likely on at least 82% of occasions on which they were used:

  • Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marking (87%)
  • Crossed road masked by stationary/parked (86%)
  • Pedestrian failed to look properly (83%)
  • Driver/rider impaired by alcohol (82%)

and the following were described as very likely on fewer than 63% of the occasions on which they were used:

  • Dazzling sun (63%)
  • Stationary or parked vehicle (62%)
  • Following too close (59%)
  • Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way (56%)
  • Travelling too fast for the conditions (52%)
  • Exceeding speed limit (51%)

Conclusion

The collection of contributory factors has been part of the GB wide police reporting system for 10 years. It is clear that the contributory factor information can provide useful indications of the circumstances that may have led to a reported road accident. These can also be attributed to the different participants within the accident, which can help build a picture of how the accident may have occurred.

However, there are limitations to the system and care should be taken when both analysing and interpreting the results. This should help ensure that the data is used in the correct manner and that consistent messages/results are achieved by users.

We welcome comments on the analysis presented here or any questions regarding the contributory factor system.

Transport Statistics
Transport Scotland
Victoria Quay
Edinburgh
EH6 6QQ

Telephone: 0131 244 7254
Email: Transtat@transport.gov.scot

Background: The collection of Contributory Factor data

B1. Guidance on recording road accidents is provided in the Department for Transport's Stats20 document which includes the following points on CFs:

  • CFs reflect the reporting officer's opinion at the time of reporting, and may not be the result of extensive investigation;
  • subsequent enquiries could result in a change in the reporting officer's opinion;
  • the CFs are largely subjective, and depend upon the skill and experience of the investigating officer to reconstruct the events which led directly to the accident;
  • the need to exercise judgement when recording CFs is unavoidable;
  • CFs should be identified on the basis of evidence from sources such as witness statements and vehicle and site inspections;
  • the evidence may be of variable quality, so the officer should record very likely or possible for each CF;
  • when there is conflicting evidence (e.g. conflicting witness statements), the reporting officer should decide on the most credible account of the accident and base the codes on this, taking into account all other available evidence.

B2. Some CFs may be less likely than others to be recorded, since clear evidence of them may not be available, or may be very difficult to obtain, after an accident has occurred (e.g. in the case of the nervous, uncertain or panic factor). Participants and witnesses may provide incomplete or conflicting accounts of what happened. The CF data therefore depend upon the skill and experience of the reporting officer to reconstruct the events which led directly to the accident, and so are more subjective in nature than other Stats 19 data. This should be kept in mind when using these results.

B3. Regardless of the number of vehicles that were involved in the accident, at most six sets of CF data can be recorded per accident. Each set contains three pieces of information:

  • a factor which is thought to have contributed to the occurrence of the accident – selected from list of 77 , such as:
    • exceeding speed limit (CF code 306);
    • travelling too fast for the conditions (307);
    • failed to look properly (405);
    • impaired by alcohol (501);
    • impaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal) (502)
  • the participant in the accident to whom the factor is related:
    • whether this is a:
      • Vehicle – in which case the factor may relate to the driver/rider or to the road environment;
      • Casualty – a pedestrian or a passenger in a vehicle; or
      • Uninjured pedestrian.
    • if a Vehicle or a Casualty, the relevant Stats 19 reference
  • whether it was thought very likely or just possible that this factor contributed to the occurrence of the accident

Therefore more than one factor may be recorded for the same participant and any given factor may be recorded for two or more different participants, subject to the limit of a maximum of six sets of CF data per accident.

B4. Appendix B of this publication illustrates the CF codes and their descriptions, including a brief set of completion instructions for the reporting officer. More detailed information is available in the DfT's Stats 20 document (pages 10; 84 -101) and the procedure for allocating them – for example:

  • the CFs may be recorded in any order (so nothing can be inferred from the order in which they appear);
  • more than one CF may be related to the same road user; and
  • the same CF may be related to more than one road user.

Worked example

B5. Clearly, there could be a lot of CF information in the case of an accident which involved several vehicles, if it was thought that several of them contributed to its occurrence. The following is an example of the potential complexity of the CF data. Car 1 is rapidly travelling along a straight road when Car 2 suddenly appears in front of it, having emerged from a pub car park. The driver of Car 1 brakes sharply, to avoid a collision. As Car 2 drives off, Car 1 is hit from behind by a motorcycle, whose rider and passenger are both killed. The following might be recorded as the CF data for this accident:

CF no. Participant Contributory Factor How likely?
1 Car 1 Exceeding speed limit Possible
2 Car 2 Impaired by alcohol Possible
3 Car 2 Failed to look properly Very likely
4 Car 1 Sudden braking Very likely
5 Motorcycle Following too close Very likely
6 Motorcycle Exceeding speed limit Possible

This accident has three participants and six CFs, two of which are the same (exceeding speed limit) but apply to different participants (Car 1 and Motorcycle). This example will be referred to from time to time, when describing some of the CF results.

Quality

B6. As the CFs were added to the Stats 19 data specification at the start of 2005, the results for 2005 could have been affected by teething troubles. In June 2006, the Liaison Group on Road Accident Statistics (LGRAS) discussed a paper on aspects of the quality of the data. It also remains the case the recording of CFs varies between Police Forces. In 2009, there were around 2.1 CFs per accident for Scotland; varying between 1.5 and 2.6 between Forces. In addition, while most Police Forces' CFs are allocated by the reporting officer, in one Force they are allocated by a small team of specialist crash investigators. It may be that a higher degree of accuracy exists for fatal and serious accidents than for slight accidents, as the former may be attended by more experienced road policing officers.

B7. On introduction inconsistencies arose between the CF code and the Type of Participant code (around 3-4% in 2005). The most frequent problem was the combination of the CF code for pedestrian failed to look properly with the Type of Participant code for a Vehicle. In such cases, it wasn't possible to deduce (from the data) which was incorrect. Since then additional quality assurance was introduced leading to an improvement in quality (currently around 1% of cases).

B8. There may be other changes in some of the patterns of the reporting of CFs, as a result of such discussions, the introduction of additional computer cross-checks of the data, Police Forces' increasing experience of the collection and recording of such information, and the use of the data by the Police, local authorities and central government.

Table M: Contributory Factors: Reported accidents1,2 by severity, 2017
  Fatal Serious Slight All accidents
Contributory factor reported in accident Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3
Road environment contributed 4 13 9 178 14 761 16 952 16
Poor or defective road surface 1 1 13 1 35 1 49 1
Deposit on road (eg oil, mud, chippings) 0 0 27 2 68 1 95 2
Slippery road (due to weather) 4 3 104 8 495 11 603 10
Inadequate/masked signs or road markings 0 0 9 1 28 1 37 1
Defective traffic signals 0 0 1 0 5 0 6 0
Traffic calming (eg road humps, chicanes 0 0 1 0 4 0 5 0
Temporary road layout (eg contraflow) 0 0 7 1 13 0 20 0
Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way 5 4 39 3 160 3 204 3
Animal or other object in carriageway 3 2 16 1 49 1 68 1
Sunken,raised or slippery inspection cover 0 0 1 0 4 0 5 0
Vehicle defects 4 4 3 13 1 64 1 81 1
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated 2 1 3 0 22 0 27 0
Defective lights or indicators 1 1 0 0 7 0 8 0
Defective brakes 0 0 6 0 16 0 22 0
Defective steering or suspension 0 0 2 0 9 0 11 0
Defective or missing mirrors 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Injudicious action (driver/rider) 4 31 22 226 18 858 18 1,115 18
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal 2 1 11 1 90 2 103 2
Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki 1 1 29 2 141 3 171 3
Disobeyed double white line 2 1 7 1 10 0 19 0
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility 1 1 10 1 16 0 27 0
Illegal turn or direction of travel 1 1 9 1 24 1 34 1
Exceeding speed limit 17 12 63 5 118 3 198 3
Travelling too fast for the conditions 11 8 94 7 311 7 416 7
Following too close 1 1 21 2 209 4 231 4
Vehicle travelling along pavement 0 0 4 0 6 0 10 0
Cyclist entering road from pavement 0 0 6 0 24 1 30 0
Driver/rider error or reaction 4 95 69 780 61 3,104 67 3,979 65
Junction overshoot 2 1 22 2 127 3 151 2
Junction restart 0 0 3 0 23 0 26 0
Poor turn or manoeuvre 18 13 167 13 523 11 708 12
Failed to signal / misleading signal 0 0 7 1 60 1 67 1
Failed to look properly (D/R) 29 21 360 28 1,566 34 1,955 32
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 18 13 188 15 969 21 1,175 19
Too close to cyclist,horse or pedestrian 3 2 12 1 36 1 51 1
Sudden braking 2 1 44 3 225 5 271 4
Swerved 15 11 54 4 153 3 222 4
Loss of control 50 36 247 19 611 13 908 15
Impairment or distraction (driver/rider) 4 24 17 164 13 515 11 703 12
Impaired by alcohol (D/R) 5 4 54 4 133 3 192 3
Impaired by drugs (illicit/medicinal) (D/R) 6 4 20 2 45 1 71 1
Fatigue 6 4 25 2 80 2 111 2
Uncorrected defective eyesight 0 0 2 0 14 0 16 0
Illness or disability (mental/physic) (D/R) 7 5 40 3 104 2 151 2
Not display lights at night / in poor vi 0 0 7 1 8 0 15 0
Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night 0 0 6 0 13 0 19 0
Driver using mobile phone 1 1 2 0 7 0 10 0
Distraction in vehicle 4 3 27 2 108 2 139 2
Distraction outside vehicle 2 1 11 1 46 1 59 1
Behaviour or inexperience (driver/rider) 4 29 21 299 23 1,005 22 1,333 22
Aggressive driving 3 2 45 4 99 2 147 2
Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 21 15 203 16 683 15 907 15
Nervous / uncertain / panic 1 1 19 1 74 2 94 2
Driving too slow for condits / slow vehi 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 0
Inexperienced or learner driver/rider 6 4 55 4 182 4 243 4
Inexperience of driving on the left 2 1 18 1 45 1 65 1
Inexperience with type of vehicle 2 1 17 1 30 1 49 1
Vision affected 4 9 7 118 9 448 10 575 9
Stationary or parked vehicle 2 1 36 3 112 2 150 2
Vegetation 0 0 3 0 10 0 13 0
Road layout (eg bend, winding rd, hill c 1 1 11 1 52 1 64 1
Buildings, road signs, street furniture 0 0 1 0 7 0 8 0
Dazzling headlights 0 0 7 1 14 0 21 0
Dazzling sun 2 1 40 3 145 3 187 3
Rain, sleet, snow or fog 2 1 22 2 82 2 106 2
Spray from other vehicles 0 0 1 0 7 0 8 0
Visor/windscreen dirty/scratched/frosted 0 0 1 0 7 0 8 0
Vehicle blind spot 2 1 7 1 41 1 50 1
Pedestrian only 4 25 18 246 19 527 11 798 13
Crossed road masked by stationary/parked 5 4 46 4 100 2 151 2
Pedestrian failed to look properly 14 10 171 13 377 8 562 9
Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 9 7 58 5 106 2 173 3
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility 3 2 12 1 40 1 55 1
Dangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) 3 2 18 1 34 1 55 1
Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 5 4 38 3 78 2 121 2
Ped. impaired by drugs (illicit/medicina 2 1 8 1 18 0 28 0
Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 1 1 82 6 141 3 224 4
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at nigh 8 6 21 2 41 1 70 1
Ped. disability or illness, mental/physical 3 2 8 1 21 0 32 1
Special codes 4 6 4 59 5 147 3 212 3
Stolen vehicle 0 0 10 1 20 0 30 0
Vehicle in course of crime 0 0 5 0 20 0 25 0
Emergency vehicle on call 0 0 2 0 15 0 17 0
Vehicle door opened or closed negligentl 1 1 5 0 12 0 18 0
Other 5 4 40 3 90 2 135 2
Total reported accidents1 138   1,279   4,661   6,078 100
Number of Contributory Factors 5 324   2,794   9,437   12,555  
Average number of CFs per accident 1,5 2.3   2.2   2.0   2.1  

1 Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene.
2 Includes only one count of a CF per accident.
3 Columns won't sum to 100 per cent as accidents can have more than one CF.
4 Accidents with more than one CF in a category are only counted once in the category total.
5 Includes all contributory factors e.g. if two cars are involved in the same accident and both are exceeding the speed limit this would count as 2 CFs.

Table N: Contributory factors: Reported Accidents: 2013-2017 comparison1
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Contributory factor reported in accident2 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3 Number Per cent3
Failed to look properly (D/R) 2,178 29 2,199 30 2,199 31 2,344 33 1,955 32
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 1,470 20 1,415 19 1,375 19 1,340 19 1,175 19
Loss of control 1,506 20 1,262 17 1,176 16 1,077 15 908 15
Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 856 11 861 12 966 14 1,130 16 907 15
Poor turn or manoeuvre 829 11 838 11 875 12 803 11 708 12
Slippery road (due to weather) 898 12 891 12 910 13 730 10 603 10
Pedestrian failed to look properly 702 9 691 9 678 9 670 9 562 9
Travelling too fast for the conditions 659 9 598 8 549 8 512 7 416 7
Sudden braking 371 5 388 5 357 5 323 5 271 4
Following too close 352 5 325 4 327 5 341 5 231 4
Total reported accidents1 7,530 100 7,342 100 7,139 100 7,081 100 6,078 100

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.
2. Includes only the ten most frequently reported contributory factor citied in 2017. Factors not shown may also have been reported.
3. Columns won't sum to 100 per cent as accidents can have more than one CF

Table O: Contributory factors: vehicles 1, 2017
  Pedal cycle Motorcycle Car & Taxis Bus, coach & minibus Goods Other All vehicles
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Road environment contributed 3 22 4 104 18 710 8 13 5 67 7 17 11 933 9
Poor or defective road surface 4 1 14 2 23 0 1 0 6 1 1 1 49 0
Deposit on road (eg oil, mud, chippings) 2 0 25 4 63 1 1 0 1 0 3 2 95 1
Slippery road (due to weather) 7 1 55 9 515 6 5 2 44 5 9 6 635 6
Inadequate/masked signs or road markings 1 0 1 0 33 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 39 0
Defective traffic signals 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0
Traffic calming (eg road humps, chicanes 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
Temporary road layout (eg contraflow) 1 0 1 0 18 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 22 0
Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way 6 1 18 3 157 2 4 1 24 2 8 5 217 2
Animal or other object in carriageway 3 1 12 2 42 1 2 1 10 1 0 0 69 1
Sunken,raised or slippery inspection cover 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
Vehicle defects 3 9 2 10 2 47 1 0 0 12 1 3 2 81 1
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated 1 0 1 0 24 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 27 0
Defective lights or indicators 1 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 8 0
Defective brakes 6 1 4 1 9 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 22 0
Defective steering or suspension 1 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0
Defective or missing mirrors 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle/trai 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 7 1 2 1 14 0
Injudicious action (driver/rider) 3 51 10 67 11 890 11 12 4 77 8 16 10 1,113 10
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal 4 1 2 0 90 1 2 1 8 1 0 0 106 1
Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki 11 2 3 1 139 2 4 1 12 1 1 1 170 2
Disobeyed double white line 0 0 2 0 16 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 21 0
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility 5 1 0 0 19 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 27 0
Illegal turn or direction of travel 2 0 1 0 28 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 34 0
Exceeding speed limit 1 0 26 4 161 2 1 0 9 1 1 1 199 2
Travelling too fast for the conditions 9 2 23 4 355 4 3 1 26 3 10 7 426 4
Following too close 2 0 12 2 206 2 2 1 27 3 3 2 252 2
Vehicle travelling along pavement 0 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0
Cyclist entering road from pavement 24 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 29 0
Driver/rider error or reaction 3 123 24 276 47 3,089 37 64 22 352 36 67 44 3,971 36
Junction overshoot 9 2 6 1 127 2 0 0 8 1 1 1 151 1
Junction restart 0 0 0 0 21 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 26 0
Poor turn or manoeuvre 17 3 79 13 546 7 6 2 65 7 10 7 723 7
Failed to signal / misleading signal 3 1 3 1 54 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 67 1
Failed to look properly (D/R) 97 19 58 10 1,602 19 34 12 189 20 34 22 2,014 18
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 33 6 66 11 981 12 16 6 130 13 19 12 1,245 11
Too close to cyclist,horse or pedestrian 0 0 2 0 38 0 2 1 7 1 2 1 51 0
Sudden braking 5 1 30 5 204 2 30 11 19 2 6 4 294 3
Swerved 8 2 17 3 171 2 2 1 19 2 5 3 222 2
Loss of control 19 4 139 24 687 8 3 1 48 5 17 11 913 8
Impairment or distraction (driver/rider) 3 27 5 19 3 579 7 3 1 61 6 7 5 696 6
Impaired by alcohol (D/R) 6 1 5 1 172 2 0 0 11 1 0 0 194 2
Impaired by drugs (illicit/medicinal) (D/R) 1 0 2 0 63 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 70 1
Fatigue 0 0 5 1 91 1 0 0 14 1 1 1 111 1
Uncorrected defective eyesight 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 0
Illness or disability (mental/physic) (D/R) 2 0 1 0 130 2 0 0 12 1 2 1 147 1
Not display lights at night / in poor vi 10 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 15 0
Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night 15 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0
Driver using mobile phone 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 0
Distraction in vehicle 0 0 0 0 119 1 2 1 14 1 3 2 138 1
Distraction outside vehicle 3 1 3 1 40 0 1 0 11 1 1 1 59 1
Behaviour or inexperience (driver/rider) 3 39 8 109 18 1,059 13 16 6 86 9 21 14 1,330 12
Aggressive driving 0 0 10 2 127 2 2 1 8 1 2 1 149 1
Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 31 6 53 9 731 9 11 4 79 8 12 8 917 8
Nervous / uncertain / panic 2 0 9 2 82 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 95 1
Driving too slow for condits / slow vehi 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 0
Inexperienced or learner driver/rider 5 1 37 6 195 2 1 0 4 0 3 2 245 2
Inexperience of driving on the left 2 0 9 2 52 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 65 1
Inexperience with type of vehicle 2 0 16 3 24 0 2 1 2 0 3 2 49 0
Vision affected 3 17 3 11 2 461 6 9 3 61 6 7 5 566 5
Stationary or parked vehicle 5 1 4 1 134 2 1 0 12 1 1 1 157 1
Vegetation 2 0 3 1 5 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 14 0
Road layout (eg bend, winding rd, hill c 2 0 4 1 54 1 0 0 7 1 4 3 71 1
Buildings, road signs, street furniture 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0
Dazzling headlights 2 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 0
Dazzling sun 5 1 1 0 164 2 5 2 27 3 1 1 203 2
Rain, sleet, snow or fog 2 0 1 0 106 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 115 1
Spray from other vehicles 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0
Visor/windscreen dirty/scratched/frosted 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 0
Vehicle blind spot 0 0 0 0 24 0 3 1 19 2 2 1 48 0
Special codes 3 4 1 14 2 109 1 3 1 27 3 8 5 165 2
Stolen vehicle 0 0 6 1 21 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 30 0
Vehicle in course of crime 0 0 2 0 19 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 25 0
Emergency vehicle on call 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 2 0 4 3 16 0
Vehicle door opened or closed negligentl 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 16 0
Other 5 1 6 1 56 1 3 1 19 2 4 3 93 1
Number of vehicle Contributory Factors 2 386   791   8,872   157   951   188   11,345  
Total number of vehicles involved 512 100% 591 100% 8,379 100% 285 100% 969 100% 153 100% 10,889 100%
Average number of CFs per vehicle 0.75   1.34   1.06   0.55   0.98   1.23   1.04  

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.
2. Excludes invalid codes or pedestrian only factors incorrectly assigned to a vehicle.
3. Vehicles with more than one CF in a category are only counted once in the category total.

Table P: Contributory factors: pedestrians 1,2, 2017
  Number %
Pedestrian failed to look properly 564 49
Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 223 20
Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 172 15
Crossed road masked by stationary/parked 153 13
Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 119 10
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at nigh 70 6
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility 56 5
Dangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) 54 5
Ped. disability or illness, mental/physical 31 3
Ped. impaired by drugs (illicit/medicina 27 2
All 1,469  
Number of Contributory Factors 3 1,469  
Total number of pedestrians involved1 1,143  
Average number of CFs per pedestrian 1.29  

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.
2. Includes pedestrians injured and non injured in the accident
3. Excludes pedestrians incorrectly attributed a vehicle factor or special code

Table Q: Most common pairs of contributory factors reported together 1, 2017
Factor with lower code Factor with higher code Number
Failed to look properly (D/R) Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 511
Failed to look properly (D/R) Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 354
Poor turn or manoeuvre Failed to look properly (D/R) 288
Slippery road (due to weather) Loss of control 191
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 179
Poor turn or manoeuvre Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 157
Pedestrian failed to look properly Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 154
Travelling too fast for the conditions Loss of control 134
Pedestrian failed to look properly Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 128
Poor turn or manoeuvre Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 126
Slippery road (due to weather) Travelling too fast for the conditions 125
Loss of control Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 116
Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki Failed to look properly (D/R) 115
Crossed road masked by stationary/parked Pedestrian failed to look properly 108

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.

NOTE: the basis upon which the combinations are produced is described in the text.
However, an additional example may be helpful.
Suppose that the "defective brakes" CF has been allocated to participant A,
the "failed to look properly" CF has been allocated to two participants A and B, and
the "failed to judge other person's path/speed" CF has been allocated to participants A, B and C,
The following combinations of CFs would be allocated to the same participant:
A defective brakes + A failed to look …
A defective brakes + A failed to judge …
A failed to look ... + A failed to judge …
B failed to look ... + B failed to judge …

Table R: Contributory factors: Casualties in reported accidents - fatalities 1, 2017
  Person who was killed as a % of all fatalities
Pedestrian pedalcyclist motorcyclist Car/taxi user Other All
Road environment contributed
Poor or defective road surface 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Slippery road (due to weather) 0 0 1 2 1 4 3
Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way 1 1 2 1 0 5 3
Animal or other object in carriageway 0 0 1 2 0 3 2
Vehicle defects
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated 0 1 0 2 0 3 2
Defective lights or indicators 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle/trai 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Injudicious action (driver/rider)
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal 2 0 0 0 0 2 1
Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Disobeyed double white line 0 0 1 1 0 2 1
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Illegal turn or direction of travel 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Exceeding speed limit 2 0 5 13 0 20 14
Travelling too fast for the conditions 2 0 0 10 1 13 9
Following too close 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Driver/rider error or reaction
Junction overshoot 0 0 1 1 0 2 1
Poor turn or manoeuvre 3 0 4 10 1 18 13
Failed to look properly (D/R) 15 2 6 6 0 29 20
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 2 1 8 7 0 18 13
Too close to cyclist,horse or pedestrian 1 2 0 0 0 3 2
Sudden braking 0 0 1 1 0 2 1
Swerved 3 1 2 7 3 16 11
Loss of control 3 2 15 31 4 55 38
Impairment or distraction (driver/rider)
Impaired by alcohol (D/R) 1 0 1 3 0 5 3
Impaired by drugs (illicit/medicinal) (D/R) 1 0 0 6 0 7 5
Fatigue 0 0 1 4 1 6 4
Illness or disability (mental/physic) (D/R) 0 0 0 5 2 7 5
Driver using mobile phone 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Distraction in vehicle 0 0 0 4 0 4 3
Distraction outside vehicle 0 0 1 1 0 2 1
Behaviour or inexperience (driver/rider)
Aggressive driving 0 0 0 3 0 3 2
Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 5 0 4 12 1 22 15
Nervous / uncertain / panic 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Inexperienced or learner driver/rider 1 0 1 4 0 6 4
Inexperience of driving on the left 0 0 1 1 0 2 1
Inexperience with type of vehicle 0 0 1 0 1 2 1
Vision affected
Stationary or parked vehicle 1 0 0 1 0 2 1
Road layout (eg bend, winding rd, hill c 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Dazzling sun 1 0 0 0 1 2 1
Rain, sleet, snow or fog 1 0 0 1 0 2 1
Vehicle blind spot 2 0 0 0 0 2 1
Pedestrian only
Crossed road masked by stationary/parked 5 0 0 0 0 5 3
Pedestrian failed to look properly 14 0 0 0 0 14 10
Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 9 0 0 0 0 9 6
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility 3 0 0 0 0 3 2
Dangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) 3 0 0 0 0 3 2
Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 5 0 0 0 0 5 3
Ped. impaired by drugs (illicit/medicina 2 0 0 0 0 2 1
Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at nigh 8 0 0 0 0 8 6
Ped. disability or illness, mental/physical 3 0 0 0 0 3 2
Special codes
Vehicle door opened or closed negligentl 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Other 0 0 0 5 0 5 3
Total Road fatalities 38 5 28 64 8 143 100%

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.

NB: As described in the text, an accident will be counted once for each combination of CF (excluding "repeats") and death. For example, an accident with four different CFs and three deaths would be counted twelve times in this table - each death would be counted against the first CF, then against the second CF, and so on. As a result, the percentages would total far more than 100%. However, "repeats" are excluded: if the same CF applies to two different participants, each death will be counted only once against that CF.

Table S: Contributory factors: Casualties in reported accidents - seriously injured 1, 2017
  Person who was seriously injured as a % of all seriously injured casualties
Pedestrian pedalcyclist motorcyclist Car/taxi user Other All
Road environment contributed
Poor or defective road surface 1 2 4 6 1 14 1
Deposit on road (eg oil, mud, chippings) 0 2 14 13 0 29 2
Slippery road (due to weather) 5 3 28 81 5 122 8
Inadequate/masked signs or road markings 2 2 1 7 0 12 1
Defective traffic signals 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Traffic calming (eg road humps, chicanes 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Temporary road layout (eg contraflow) 0 1 1 5 1 8 1
Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way 3 3 10 27 4 47 3
Animal or other object in carriageway 0 2 7 6 1 16 1
Sunken,raised or slippery inspection cover 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Vehicle defects
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated 0 0 1 7 0 8 1
Defective lights or indicators 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Defective brakes 1 2 2 0 1 6 0
Defective steering or suspension 0 1 1 0 0 2 0
Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle/trai 1 0 1 1 0 3 0
Injudicious action (driver/rider)
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal 3 1 1 6 0 11 1
Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki 1 7 5 19 3 35 2
Disobeyed double white line 0 0 1 8 0 9 1
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility 8 2 0 0 0 10 1
Illegal turn or direction of travel 0 0 1 8 1 10 1
Exceeding speed limit 3 1 17 63 3 87 6
Travelling too fast for the conditions 6 6 11 97 5 125 8
Following too close 0 0 6 16 0 22 1
Vehicle travelling along pavement 3 0 1 0 0 4 0
Cyclist entering road from pavement 0 6 0 0 0 6 0
Driver/rider error or reaction
Junction overshoot 1 4 4 16 2 27 2
Junction restart 0 1 0 1 2 4 0
Poor turn or manoeuvre 10 22 67 84 13 196 13
Failed to signal / misleading signal 0 1 2 5 0 8 1
Failed to look properly (D/R) 63 83 87 136 27 396 27
Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 7 27 55 112 17 218 15
Too close to cyclist,horse or pedestrian 2 10 0 0 0 12 1
Sudden braking 1 2 18 23 10 54 4
Swerved 1 6 11 56 3 77 5
Loss of control 14 8 79 212 20 333 22
Impairment or distraction (driver/rider)
Impaired by alcohol (D/R) 5 4 6 55 3 73 5
Impaired by drugs (illicit/medicinal) (D/R) 2 0 2 29 1 34 2
Fatigue 2 0 2 26 5 35 2
Uncorrected defective eyesight 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
Illness or disability (mental/physic) (D/R) 6 1 1 41 3 52 3
Not display lights at night / in poor vi 0 6 0 1 0 7 0
Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night 0 5 1 0 0 6 0
Driver using mobile phone 1 1 0 0 0 2 0
Distraction in vehicle 4 0 5 26 6 41 3
Distraction outside vehicle 2 2 4 5 1 14 1
Behaviour or inexperience (driver/rider)
Aggressive driving 7 3 6 40 2 58 4
Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 33 26 44 132 15 250 17
Nervous / uncertain / panic 3 0 8 8 0 19 1
Inexperienced or learner driver/rider 4 3 16 41 3 67 4
Inexperience of driving on the left 0 1 7 16 3 27 2
Inexperience with type of vehicle 0 0 10 6 1 17 1
Vision affected
Stationary or parked vehicle 15 8 8 5 2 38 3
Vegetation 0 1 3 0 0 4 0
Road layout (eg bend, winding rd, hill c 2 3 2 6 3 16 1
Buildings, road signs, street furniture 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Dazzling headlights 3 3 0 1 0 7 0
Dazzling sun 14 7 2 20 2 45 3
Rain, sleet, snow or fog 5 2 0 18 0 25 2
Spray from other vehicles 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Visor/windscreen dirty/scratched/frosted 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Vehicle blind spot 5 1 0 1 0 7 0
Pedestrian only
Crossed road masked by stationary/parked 45 1 0 0 0 46 3
Pedestrian failed to look properly 170 2 1 0 1 174 12
Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 58 0 0 0 0 58 4
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility 13 0 0 0 0 13 1
Dangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) 17 0 0 2 0 19 1
Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 37 0 0 1 0 38 3
Ped. impaired by drugs (illicit/medicina 8 0 0 1 0 9 1
Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 80 1 0 1 1 83 6
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at nigh 21 0 0 1 0 22 1
Ped. disability or illness, mental/physical 7 0 0 1 0 8 1
Special codes
Stolen vehicle 2 0 3 9 1 15 1
Vehicle in course of crime 4 0 0 1 0 5 0
Emergency vehicle on call 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
Vehicle door opened or closed negligentl 0 4 0 1 0 5 0
Other 11 3 7 13 10 44 3
All serious injuries 341 138 271 655 86 1,491 100%

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.

NB: As described in the text, an accident will be counted once for each combination of CF (excluding "repeats") and serious injury.
For example, an accident with four different CFs and three serious injury would be counted twelve times in this table - each serious injury would be counted against the first CF, then against the second CF, and so on. As a result, the percentages would total far more than 100%. However, "repeats" are excluded: if the same CF applies to two different participants, each serious injury will be counted only once against that CF.

Table T: Contributory factors: ranked1,2, 2017
  Number As a % of all contributory factors1
Rank Contributory Factor reported in each accident Very likely Possible Total
1 Failed to look properly (D/R) 1,507 512 2,019 13%
2 Failed to judge other pers path/speed (D/R) 826 422 1,248 8%
3 Careless / reckless /in a hurry (D/R) 640 279 919 6%
4 Loss of control 689 225 914 6%
5 Poor turn or manoeuvre 519 205 724 5%
6 Slippery road (due to weather) 476 166 642 4%
7 Pedestrian failed to look properly 473 94 567 4%
8 Travelling too fast for the conditions 222 204 426 3%
9 Sudden braking 193 101 294 2%
10 Following too close 149 103 252 2%
11 Inexperienced or learner driver/rider 166 80 246 2%
12 Ped. careless / reckless /in a hurry 166 60 226 1%
13 Swerved 158 64 222 1%
14 Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow c-way 125 97 222 1%
15 Dazzling sun 130 75 205 1%
16 Exceeding speed limit 101 98 199 1%
17 Impaired by alcohol (D/R) 161 35 196 1%
18 Ped. failed to judge vehicles path or sp 120 53 173 1%
19 Disobeyed Give Way or Stop sign or marki 149 22 171 1%
20 Stationary or parked vehicle 100 61 161 1%
21 Crossed road masked by stationary/parked 132 21 153 1%
22 Junction overshoot 106 45 151 1%
23 Illness or disability (mental/physic) (D/R) 93 58 151 1%
24 Aggressive driving 109 40 149 1%
25 Distraction in vehicle 59 80 139 1%
26 Other 101 37 138 1%
27 Pedestrian impaired by alcohol 97 24 121 1%
28 Rain, sleet, snow or fog 66 51 117 1%
29 Fatigue 56 55 111 1%
30 Disobeyed automatic traffic signal 89 18 107 1%
31 Deposit on road (eg oil, mud, chippings) 71 26 97 1%
32 Nervous / uncertain / panic 41 54 95 1%
33 Animal or other object in carriageway 54 18 72 0%
34 Road layout (eg bend, winding rd, hill c 35 37 72 0%
35 Impaired by drugs (illicit/medicinal) (D/R) 41 30 71 0%
36 Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at nigh 55 15 70 0%
37 Failed to signal / misleading signal 29 40 69 0%
38 Inexperience of driving on the left 46 19 65 0%
39 Distraction outside vehicle 26 33 59 0%
40 Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility 43 13 56 0%
41 Dangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) 45 10 55 0%
42 Too close to cyclist,horse or pedestrian 35 16 51 0%
43 Vehicle blind spot 16 34 50 0%
44 Poor or defective road surface 28 22 50 0%
45 Inexperience with type of vehicle 23 26 49 0%
46 Inadequate/masked signs or road markings 19 20 39 0%
47 Illegal turn or direction of travel 29 5 34 0%
48 Ped. disability or illness, mental/physical 22 10 32 0%
49 Stolen vehicle 29 1 30 0%
50 Cyclist entering road from pavement 26 4 30 0%
51 Ped. impaired by drugs (illicit/medicina 16 12 28 0%
52 Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated 17 10 27 0%
53 Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility 23 4 27 0%
54 Junction restart 14 12 26 0%
55 Vehicle in course of crime 25 0 25 0%
56 Defective brakes 9 13 22 0%
57 Temporary road layout (eg contraflow) 12 10 22 0%
58 Dazzling headlights 12 9 21 0%
59 Disobeyed double white line 18 3 21 0%
60 Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night 13 6 19 0%
61 Vehicle door opened or closed negligentl 8 10 18 0%
62 Emergency vehicle on call 16 1 17 0%
63 Uncorrected defective eyesight 4 12 16 0%
64 Not display lights at night / in poor vi 10 5 15 0%
65 Vegetation 8 6 14 0%
66 Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle/trai 9 5 14 0%
67 Defective steering or suspension 5 6 11 0%
68 Vehicle travelling along pavement 10 0 10 0%
69 Driver using mobile phone 3 7 10 0%
70 Spray from other vehicles 2 7 9 0%
71 Visor/windscreen dirty/scratched/frosted 2 6 8 0%
72 Buildings, road signs, street furniture 3 5 8 0%
73 Defective lights or indicators 6 2 8 0%
74 Driving too slow for condits / slow vehi 4 3 7 0%
75 Defective traffic signals 4 3 7 0%
76 Traffic calming (eg road humps, chicanes 1 4 5 0%
77 Sunken,raised or slippery inspection cover 3 2 5 0%
  Defective or missing mirrors 0 1 1 0%
  All 8,949 3,982 15,280 100%

1. Includes only accidents where a police officer attended the scene and in which a contributory factor was reported.
2. Includes all contributory factors reported, even where the same CF is assigned more than once to an accident (i.e. to more than one particpant). Therefore the total differs from earlier tables.
(D/R) indicates Driver/Rider

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