Economic, Environmental and Social Impacts of Changes in Maintenance Spend on Local Roads in Scotland
ISBN 978 1 908181 47 3 (Web publication only)
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Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Study for the trunk road network
1.3 Study for the local road network
1.4 Layout of report
2 Methodology
2.1 Local Authority road networks
2.2 Network condition analyses
3 Evidence of the Impacts of Reductions in Road Maintenance
3.1 Overview
3.2 Results of the review
3.2.1 Relevance and value
3.2.2 Coverage
3.2.3 Conclusions
4 Local Road Network in Scotland
4.1 Extent and nature of network
4.2 Amount of travel
4.3 Accident trends
4.4 Budgets
4.5 Network condition
5 Funding Scenarios
5.1 Budgets
5.2 Applying funding constraints in practice
5.3 Predicted activities under different scenarios
6 Impacts of Carriageway Conditions
6.1 Overview of methodology
6.2 Surface conditions and vehicle operating costs
6.3 Surface conditions and travel time costs
6.4 Skid resistance and accident costs
6.4.1 Summary of trunk road methodology for skid resistance
6.4.2 Assessment of local road skid resistance data
6.5 Ride quality
7 Impacts from Carriageway Operations
7.1 Overview
7.2 Roadworks and user delay costs
8 Impacts Related to Route Security
8.1 Overview
8.2 Evidence
8.2.1 International and national evidence
8.2.2 Scottish trunk roads
8.2.3 Scottish local roads
8.3 Conclusions
9 Impacts Related to Wider Operations
9.1 Footways and cycle-tracks
9.1.1 Summary of issues
9.1.2 Local road information on footways and cycle-tracks
9.2 Street lighting
9.2.1 Summary of issues
9.2.2 Local road assessment
9.3 Other operations
9.4 Conclusion
10 Environmental Impacts
10.1 Carbon emissions
10.2 Local air quality
10.3 Impacts of noise
10.3.1 Issues
10.3.2 Assessment of Scottish context
11 Customer Satisfaction
11.1 Urban Authority
11.2 Semi-urban Authority
11.3 Rural Authority
11.4 Summary
12 Scaling-up to the Full Network
12.1 Overall approach
12.2 Representative factors
12.3 Total network cost
13 Asset Valuation
13.1 Overview
13.2 Results
13.3 Scaling the results to the network
14 Summary of Changes and Impacts
14.1 Qualitative impacts
14.2 Quantitative impacts
14.3 Sensitivity analysis
14.3.1 Effect of fuel costs on vehicle operating costs
14.3.2 Revised scaling of vehicle operating costs
15 Conclusions and Recommendations
15.1 Economic analysis
15.2 Qualitative analysis
Appendix B Results of Literature Review
Appendix C Summary of Key Data and Assumptions
Appendix D Details of Scotland's Local Road Network
Appendix E Refinement of Funding Scenarios
Appendix F Network Pavement Model and Vehicle Operating Cost Analyses
Appendix G Increase in Travel Time Costs
Appendix H Analysis of Roadworks and Delay Costs
Appendix I Analysis of Emissions and Air Quality
Appendix J Time Series Information of Economic Costs and Benefits
Appendix L Scaling-up the Sample Analyses
Appendix M Workshop on Wider Economic Issues of Road Maintenance
List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Accidents causing death or serious injury by contributory factor
Figure 4.2 Numbers of fatal accidents by lighting levels
Figure 4.3 RCI by road length for Scottish local roads (2009)
Figure 4.4 RCI by network percentage for Scottish local roads (2009)
Figure 6.1 Vehicle Operating Costs - Fife
Figure 6.2 Travel time costs for Fife
Figure 6.3 Trends in deficient skid resistance for 3 Local Authorities
Figure 7.1 User delay costs at roadworks - Fife
Figure 9.1 Number of claims received by a sample of Scottish Local Authorities
Figure 10.1 Costs of emissions due to maintenance works - Fife
Figure 10.2 Costs of emissions from vehicles due to road roughness - Fife
Figure E.1 Subjective analysis of local road spending cuts by activity
Figure F.1 Distribution of 3mLPV for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 1
Figure F.2 Distribution of 3mLPV for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 2
Figure F.3 Distribution of 3mLPV for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 3
Figure F.4 Distribution of rut depth for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 1
Figure F.5 Distribution of rut depth for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 2
Figure F.6 Distribution of rut depth for the 8 Sample Authorities and Scenario 3
Figure F.7 Aberdeenshire vehicle operating costs
Figure F.8 Dumfries and Galloway vehicle operating costs
Figure F.9 City of Edinburgh vehicle operating costs
Figure F.10 Fife vehicle operating costs
Figure F.11 Glasgow City vehicle operating costs
Figure F.12 Highland vehicle operating costs
Figure F.13 North Lanarkshire vehicle operating costs
Figure F.14 South Ayrshire vehicle operating costs
Figure F.15 Fife vehicle operating costs
Figure G.1 Aberdeenshire increase in travel time costs
Figure G.2 Dumfries and Galloway increase in travel time costs
Figure G.3 City of Edinburgh increase in travel time costs
Figure G.4 Fife increase in travel time costs
Figure G.5 Glasgow City increase in travel time costs
Figure G.6 Highland increase in travel time costs
Figure G.7 North Lanarkshire increase in travel time costs
Figure G.8 South Ayrshire increase in travel time costs
Figure G.9 Fife increase in travel time costs
Figure H.1 Aberdeenshire delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.2 Dumfries and Galloway delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.3 City of Edinburgh delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.4 Fife delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.5 Glasgow City delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.6 Highland delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.7 North Lanarkshire delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.8 South Ayrshire delay costs at roadworks
Figure H.9 Fife delay costs at roadworks
Figure I.1 Aberdeenshire carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.2 Dumfries and Galloway carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.3 City of Edinburgh carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.4 Fife carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.5 Glasgow City carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.6 Highland carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.7 North Lanarkshire carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.8 South Ayrshire carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.9 Aberdeenshire carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.10 Dumfries and Galloway carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.11 City of Edinburgh carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.12 Fife carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.13 Glasgow City carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.14 Highland carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.15 North Lanarkshire carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.16 South Ayrshire carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.17 Aberdeenshire carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.18 Dumfries and Galloway carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.19 City of Edinburgh carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.20 Fife carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.21 Glasgow City carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.22 Highland carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.23 North Lanarkshire carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.24 South Ayrshire carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure I.25 Fife carbon costs for vehicle normal running
Figure I.26 Fife carbon costs from vehicles delayed at roadworks
Figure I.27 Fife carbon costs from embodied CO2
Figure K.1 Aberdeenshire accumulated depreciation
Figure K.2 Dumfries and Galloway accumulated depreciation
Figure K.3 City of Edinburgh accumulated depreciation
Figure K.4 Fife accumulated depreciation
Figure K.5 Glasgow City accumulated depreciation
Figure K.6 Highland accumulated depreciation
Figure K.7 North Lanarkshire accumulated depreciation
Figure K.8 South Ayrshire accumulated depreciation
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Document relevance and coverage matrix
Table 4.1 Scottish local roads network length
Table 4.2 Traffic on Scottish local roads by vehicle type (2010)
Table 4.3 Expenditure on local roads in Scotland (2009/10)
Table 5.1 Scenario allocations by asset management driver
Table 5.2 Budget reductions based on asset management drivers
Table 6.1 Summary of available SCRIM data
Table 8.1 Scenarios for route security (2002 prices)
Table 9.1 Summary of scenario analyses for street lighting
Table 10.1 Emissions for all the Scottish local road network
Table 10.2 Impacts of noise from different surfacings
Table 12.1 Costs for all the network for Scenario 1
Table 12.2 Costs for all the network for Scenario 2
Table 12.3 Costs for all the network for Scenario 3
Table 13.1 Example asset valuation from one Authority for one road type
Table 13.2 Estimated cumulative depreciation for Scottish local roads
Table 14.1 Assessment of impacts on environmental criterion
Table 14.2 Assessment of impacts on safety criterion
Table 14.3 Assessment of impacts on economy criterion
Table 14.4 Assessment of impacts on integration criterion
Table 14.5 Assessment of impacts on accessibility and social inclusion criterion
Table 14.6 Summary of quantified economic impacts over 20 years
Table 14.7 Summary of economic impacts compared to the base case
Table 14.8 Summary of pavement asset depreciation
Table 14.9 Effect of road condition on vehicle operating costs
Table 14.10 Revised economic impacts from reduced vehicle operating costs
Table 14.11 Vehicle operating costs using red and amber parts of the network
Table A.1 Document relevance value rating
Table A.2 Documents included in the literature review
Table B.1 Summary of information provided by the literature review
Table C.1 Costs of road accidents
Table C.2 Traffic on Scottish local roads by vehicle type (2009)
Table C.3 Traffic growth rate factors from NRTF*
Table C.4 Value of time for each vehicle type
Table C.5 GDP deflator indices
Table C.6 Central non-traded price of carbon (2002 prices)
Table C.7 Network length for Scottish local roads
Table C.8 Maintenance budgets used in condition modelling and scaling
Table D.1 Classification of Local Authority types
Table D.2 Summary of budgets - outturn costs for 2009/10
Table F.1 HDM-4 vehicle parameters
Table G.1 Change in vehicle speed
Table I.1 Treatment thicknesses for each treatment type
Table I.2 Density and embodied CO2 data for maintenance treatments
Table I.3 Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx) and Hydrocarbon emissions
Table I.4 Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) emissions
Table J.1 Maintenance works costs
Table J.2 Vehicle operating costs
Table J.3 User delay costs
Table J.4 Travel time costs
Table J.5 Carbon emissions costs due to network unevenness
Table J.6 Carbon emissions costs due to maintenance works (plant and materials)
Table J.7 Carbon emissions costs due to vehicle delays through roadworks
Table J.8 Net lighting and accident costs